Alexandra Widmer is an anthropologist who teaches at York University in Toronto. Situating the Pacific islands in a global context, her work focuses on colonial and post colonial dimensions of biomedicine, population thinking, reproduction and care.

• List of FiguresAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: Health and Difference: Rendering Human Variation in Colonial EngagementsVeronika Lipphardt and Alexandra WidmerChapter 1. Race, Health and Colonial Politics in the Third Reich: Nauck and Giemsa’s Expedition to Espírito Santo, Brazil in 1936André Felipe Cândido da SilvaChapter 2. ‘Ill-suited’ Populations in German Nauru: Race, Health and Labour under Company Administration, 1888–1914Antje KühnastChapter 3. The War on the Anopheles Mosquito: Malaria, Labour and Race in the New Hebrides, 1925–1945Jean MitchellChapter 4. Medical Missions – Racial Visions: Fighting Sleeping Sickness in Colonial Africa in the Early Twentieth CenturySarah EhlersChapter 5. Colonial Histories of Cancers: Primary Liver Cancer in Africa, 1900s–1960sJean-Paul BadoChapter 6. Postponing Equality: From Colonial to International Nutritional Standards, 1932–1950Maria Letícia Galluzzi BizzoChapter 7. The Gender of Nutrition in French West Africa: Military Medicine, Intra-Colonial Marginality and Ethnos Theory in the Making of Malnutrition in NigerBarbara M. CooperChapter 8. Medical Demography in Interwar Angola: Measuring and Negotiating Health, Reproduction and DifferenceSamuël CogheChapter 9. Indo-Europeans in the Dutch East Indies: An Indo-European Analysis of a Paradoxical Colonial CategoryHans PolsAfterword: Following Racial Paper TrailsWarwick AndersonIndex

“The chapters each offer a clearly delimited case study, most taking a narrow timeframe (a decade or two, six at most) and geographical focus. This allows them to illustrate how very specific sets of concerns shaped how distinctions were generated, and acted on, by scientific and administrative practices.” • Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (JRAI)“This volume contributes valuably to literature by showing how medical knowledge practices both shaped, and were shaped by, categories and images of social, cultural, sexual,and biological difference, and ‘racial difference’.” • Ricardo Roque, University of Lisbon