Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Manual

BRIAN J. GALLANT is the Vice President of Contingency Management Associates, where he is responsible for marketing, delivering, and coordination of field services. With more than twenty years of experience as an environmental and safety manager and consultant, he is a member of the National Association of Fire Investigators, the American Society of Safety Engineers, and the International Association of Firefighters, and is a Certified Hazardous Materials Manager.

• 1 Regulations, Agencies, and Resources 1Introduction—History of Employee Health and Safety Regulations 1Regulations 2The Environmental Protection Agency 2Hazardous Waste Numbers 3EPA Identification Numbers 4Clean Water Act 4Clean Air Act 5Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 5Toxic Substance Control Act 6Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) 7Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA) 7Department of Labor—Occupational Safety and Health Administration 8National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 9Department of Transportation (DOT) 9National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 10NFPA 704 Labeling 10Hazard Communication Standard 12Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) 13Hazwoper Training 13Incident Command System (ICS) 15Resources 16Materia] Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 16NIOSII Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 19Emergency Response Guidebook 19Summary 202 Hazard Classification 21Chemical Exposure 24Explosion and Fire 27Oxygen Deficiency 28Ionizing Radiation 28Biological Hazards 29General Safety Hazards 29Electrical Hazards 31Heat Stress 32Cold Exposure 32Noise 33Poisonous Snakes Insects and Plants 33Weather 34Heavy Equipment 34Tools 37Definition of Hazardous Materials vs. Hazardous Waste 38Classification of Hazardous Materials 40Physical Properties of Hazardous Materials 41Vapor Density and Specific Gravity 41Flammability 43Explosive Limits 43 Hash Point 43Hammable Solids 44Firefighting and Fire Prevention 44Portable Fire Extinguishers 45Toxic Products of Combustion 47Corrosives 47Acids 47Alkalis 48Reactivity of Some Common Elements 48Water-Reactive Materials 48Oxidizing Materials 49Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) 49Flammable and Combustible Liquid 51Summary 533 Site Safety Plan 55The Plan 56Emergencies 57Incident Characterization 57Remedial Actions 58Safety  Plan Development 58Routine Operations 59Describe the Known Hazards and Risks 59List Key Personnel and Alternates 60Designate Levels of Protection to be Worn 60Delineate Work Areas 60List Control Procedures 60Establish Decontamination Procedures 62Address Requirements for an Environmental Surveillance Program 62Specify Any Routine and/or Special Training Required 63Establish Procedures for Weather-Related Problems 63On Site Emergencies 65Establish Site Emergency Procedures 65Address Emergency Medical Care 66Implementation of the Site Safety Plan 68Typical Safety Plan Outline 72Responsibilities 74Client 74Engineering Firm 75Site Contractors 75Consulting Firm / Site Safety Officer (SSO) 75Summary 764 Site Characterization 77Offsite Characterization 78Interview/Records Research 79Perimeter Investigation 81Protection of Site Entry Workforce 83Onsite Survey 84Continuing the Survey 86Information Documentation 90Hazard Assessment 93Threshold Limit Values 93Permissible Exposure Limit 95Recommended Exposure Limit 95IDLH Concentrations 95Potential Skin Absorption and Irritation 96Potential Eye Irritation 96Flammable and Explosive Range 96Monitoring 97Summary 1005 Site Control 101Site Map 102Site Preparation 103Site Preparation Tasks 104Site Work Zones 105Exclusion or Hot Zone 108Contamination Reduction or Warm Zone 109Support Zone or Cold Zone 111Buddy System 112Enforce Decontamination Procedures 115Security Measures 116Communication Networks 118Internal Communications 118Safety Meetings 119External Communications 119Summary 1206 Toxicology and Medical Monitoring 121Toxicity vs. Hazard 122Toxicity Tests 122Dose-Response Relationship 123Measurement of Response 123Dose-Response Terms 123Use of Dose-Response Relationship 124Limitations of Dose-Response Data 126Routes of Exposure 127Gender Differences 127Age 127Synergism, Antagonism, and Potentiation 128Genetics 128Species Variation 129Kinds of Toxicity 129Types of Toxic Effects 129Toxic Substances and Cancer-Causing Agents 130Introduction to Medical Monitoring 131Developing a Program 133Pre-Employment Screening 138Sample Pre-Employment Examination 140Additional Medical Testing 142Baseline Monitoring 142Periodic Medical Examinations 142Sample Periodic Medical Examination 143Termination Examination 143Emergency Treatment 144Non-Emergency Treatment 147Medical Records 147Program Review and Summary 1477 Air Monitoring 149Monitoring Instruments 149Direct-Reading Instruments 150Laboratory Analysis 155Site Monitoring 158Monitoring for Dangerous Conditions 159General On-Site Monitoring 159Perimeter Monitoring 160Periodic Monitoring 160Personal Monitoring 160Variables of Hazardous - Waste Site Exposure 161Limitations and Advantages of Monitoring Equipment 161Summary 1628 Personal Protective Equipment 163Introduction 163Developing a Personal Protective Equipment Program 165Equipment Use 165Program Review and Evaluation 166Selection of Protective Clothing 167Examples of Protective Clothing 167Selection of Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC) 169Selection of Ensembles 179Personal Protective Equipment Use 185Training 186Work Duration 189Inspection 195Storage 196Heat Stress and Other Physiological Factors 196Monitoring 197Prevention 199Cold Weather Operations 200Other Factors 205Physical Condition 206Level of Acclimatization 206Age 207Sex 207Weight 207Maintenance 208Summary 2089 Decontamination Procedures 209Introduction 209General Procedures 210Preplanning for Decontamination 210Personal Protective Equipment 211Types of Decontamination 213Physical Removal 213Chemical Removal 213Equipment Needs 215Proper Disposal 215Personal Protection 218Preliminary Concerns 218 Level of Protection 220Work Function 220Location of Contamination 221Reasons for Leaving Site 221Establishment of Procedures 221Decontamination during Medical Emergencies 222Physical Injury 222Partial and Full Decontamination 222Persistent Contamination 225Summary 23010 Respiratory Protection 231Selection of Respiratory Equipment 231Air-Purifying Respirators 235Air-Line Respirators (ALRs) 239Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) 241ln-Use Monitoring 246Storage 247Inspection 247Cleaning of Respirators 248Summary 24811 Engineering Controls 249Buddy System 249Site Security 251Communications Systems 255Handling Hazardous-Waste Containers 258Planning 259Packaged Laboratory Wastes 263Bulging, Leaking, Open, Deteriorated, or Buried Drums 263Sampling 266Characterization 267Staging 268Bulking 269Shipment 269Vacuum Trucks 270Elevated Tanks 271Compressed Gas Cylinders 271Ponds and Lagoons 272Tanks and Vaults 273Confined Spaces 274Trenching and Excavation Safety 279Summary 28512 Site Emergencies 287Planning 288 Personnel 289Federal Response Organizations 294Training 295Emergency Recognition and Prevention 296Communications 297Internal Communications 297External Communications 299Site Mapping 299Safe Distances and Refuges 300Site Security and Control 301Personal Locator Systems 301Evacuation Routes and Procedures 302Decontamination 303Equipment 304Medical Treatment and First Aid 305Emergency Response Procedures 307Size-Up 308Rescue/Response Action 308Follow-Up Procedures 310Documentation 310Emergency Response Plan 311Summary 313Glossary 315Index 321

"...reads well and the information is clearly delivered." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, September 2006)