Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism

Gary LaFree is Director of the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) and a Distinguished Scholar and Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland. His most recent book (with Laura Dugan and Erin Miller) is Putting Terrorism in Context (2015).Joshua D. Freilich is a member of the Criminal Justice Department and the Criminal Justice PhD Program at John Jay College. He is the Creator and co-Director of the United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB), an open source relational database of violent and financial crimes committed by political extremists in the U.S.

• Notes on Contributors viiiPart I Introduction 1Bringing Criminology into the Study of Terrorism 3Gary LaFree and Joshua D. FreilichPart II Etiology 151 The Etiology of Radicalization 17Randy Borum2 Psychological Factors in Radicalization: A “3 N” Approach 33David Webber and Arie W. Kruglanski3 What Makes Them Do It? Individual‐Level Indicators of Extremist Outcomes 47John P. Sawyer and Justin Hienz4 The Terrorists’ Planning Cycle: Patterns of Pre‐incident Behavior 62Brent L. Smith, Paxton Roberts, and Kelly R. Damphousse5 Group‐level Predictors of Political and Religiously Motivated Violence 77Katharine A. Boyd6 Country‐level Predictors of Terrorism 93Nancy A. Morris and Gary LaFreePart III Theories 1197 General Strain Theory and Terrorism 121Robert Agnew8 Social Learning Theory and Becoming a Terrorist: New Challenges for a General Theory 133J. Keith Akins and L. Thomas Winfree, Jr.9 The Situational Approach to Terrorism 150Henda Y. Hsu and Graeme R. Newman10 Victimization Theories and Terrorism 162William S. Parkin11 Analyzing Radicalization and Terrorism: A Situational Action Theory 175Per‐Olof H. Wikström and Noémie BouhanaPart IV Research Methods 18712 Measuring Terrorism 189Laura Dugan and Michael Distler13 Paradigmatic Case Studies and Prison Ethnography: Future Directions in Terrorism Research 206Mark S. Hamm and Ramón Spaaij14 Social Network Analysis and Terrorism 221Aili Malm, Rebecca Nash, and Ramin Moghadam15 Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Terrorism and Insurgency 232Shane D. Johnson and Alex Braithwaite16 Applying Multilevel Models to Terrorism Research 244Brian D. Johnson17 Methodological Advances in the Study of Terrorism: Using Latent Class Growth Analysis to Estimate Terrorism Trends 260Nancy A. Morris18 Interrupted Time Series Analysis in the Study of Terrorism 276Robert Apel and Henda Y. HsuPart V Types of Terrorism 29519 Far Right Terrorism in the United States 297Pete Simi and Bryan F. Bubolz20 Left‐wing Terrorism: From Anarchists to the Radical Environmental Movement and Back 310Jennifer Varriale Carson21 Assessing Aerial Hijacking as a Terrorist Tactic 323Susan Fahey22 Evolution of Suicide Attacks 339Ami Pedahzur and Susanne Martin23 Terrorist Assassinations: A Criminological Perspective 353Marissa MandalaPart VI Terrorism and Other Types of Crime 37124 Organized Crime and Terrorism 373Enrique Desmond Arias and Nazia Hussain25 Similar from a Distance: A Comparison of Terrorism and Hate Crime 385Ryan D. King, Laura M. DeMarco, and Robert J. VandenBerg26 Studying Extremist Homicide in the United States 402Jeff Gruenewald and Brent R. Klein27 Financial Terror: Financial Crime Schemes Involving Extremists Linked to the American Far Right and al‐Qaeda and Affiliated Movements 420Brandon A. Sullivan, Joshua D. Freilich, and Steven M. Chermak28 An Empirical Analysis of Maritime Terrorism Using the Global Terrorism Database 433Bo JiangPart VII Countering Terrorism 44929 Empowering Communities to Prevent Violent Extremism: A Report on the August 2014 National Summit 451Stevan Weine and William Braniff30 Terrorist Plots the United States: What We have Really Faced, and How We Might Best Defend Against It 468Kevin J. Strom, John S. Hollywood, and Mark W. Pope31 The Ten Commandments for Effective Counterterrorism 482Simon Perry, David Weisburd, and Badi Hasisi32 Prosecuting Terrorism post‐9/11: Impact of Policy Changes on Case Outcomes 495Christopher A. Shields, Brent L. Smith, and Kelly R. Damphousse33 Prisons: Their Role in Creating and Containing Terrorists 508Margaret A. Zahn34 The Individual Risk Assessment of Terrorism: Recent Developments 520John Monahan35 Legislative Efforts to Prevent Eco‐terrorist Attacks 535Yi‐Yuan Su and Sue‐Ming Yang36 On the Relevance of Cyber Criminological Research in the Design of Policies and Sophisticated Security Solutions against Cyberterrorism Events 553David Maimon and Alexander TestaIndex 568