Handbook of Solitude

Robert J. Coplan, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Psychology at Carleton University and Director of the Pickering Centre for Research in Human Development. His research focuses on the development and implications of shyness and social withdrawal, from early childhood to emerging adulthood, and across cultures.Julie C. Bowker, PhD, is Associate Professor of Psychology at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Her research focus is on socio-emotional development and psychopathology during late childhood and early adolescence.Larry J. Nelson, PhD, is Professor in the School of Family Life at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. His research focuses on factors related to flourishing and floundering in the transition to adulthood including the role of social withdrawal, parenting, and culture.

• List of Contributors viiPart I Theoretical Perspectives 11 Alone Again: Revisiting Psychological Perspectives on Solitude 3Robert J. Coplan, Julie C. Bowker, and Larry J. Nelson2 Evolutionary and Neuroscientific Perspectives on Adaptive Shyness 16Raha Hassan, Taigan L. MacGowan, Kristie L. Poole, and Louis A. Schmidt3 An Attachment Perspective on Solitude and Loneliness 31Mario Mikulincer, Phillip R. Shaver, and Inbal Gal4 What Does Animal (Nonhuman) Research Tell Us About Social Deprivation and Social Isolation? 42Selin Zeytinoglu and Nathan A. Fox5 The Origins of Beneficial Solitude: Psychoanalytic Perspectives 58Evangelia Galanaki6 Culture, Social Withdrawal, and Development 75Xinyin Chen and Mengting LiuPart II Solitude Across the Life Span 897 Behavioral Inhibition and Psychopathology in Childhood 91Emma E. Mumper and Daniel N. Klein8 Solitary Activities from Early Childhood to Adolescence: Causes, Content, and Consequences 105Robert J. Coplan, Laura L. Ooi, and Will E. Hipson9 Manifestations of Solitude in Interpersonal Contexts and Negative Peer Experiences: Peer Rejection, Exclusion, and Victimization 117Gary W. Ladd, Becky Kochenderfer-Ladd, Idean Ettekal, and Brandon N. Clifford10 Social Withdrawal During Adolescence: The Role of Peers 133Julie C. Bowker, Hope I. White, and Rebecca G. Etkin11 Social Withdrawal During Emerging Adulthood 146Larry J. Nelson and Mallory A. Millett12 Current and Future Paths in Research on Singlehood 163Katarzyna Adamczyk13 Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Solitude in Older Adulthood 178Christiane A. Hoppmann, Jennifer C. Lay, Theresa Pauly, and Elizabeth ZambranoPart III Understanding Solitude: Constructs, Processes, and Contexts 19114 Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations 193Jana Nikitin and Simone Schoch15 Ostracism and Solitude 209Eric D. Wesselmann, Kipling D. Williams, Dongning Ren, and Andrew H. Hales16 The Possibilities of Aloneness and Solitude: Developing an Understanding Framed Through the Lens of Human Motivation and Needs 224Thuy‐vy T. Nguyen, Netta Weinstein, and Richard M. Ryan17 Getting Even Lonelier? Psychological Well‐Being and Problematic Use of Media in the Over‐Connected Society 240Jung-Hyun Kim18 New Media and Solitude: Implications for Peer Relations 254Kaitlyn Burnell, Madeleine J. George, and Marion K. Underwood19 Alone Versus Together: Finding the Right Balance for Creativity 268Paul B. Paulus, Jared B. Kenworthy, and Laura R. Marusich20 Solitude as a Means to Obtaining Mental Rest in Skilled Athlete Populations 280David W. Eccles, Alexander Kazmier, and Christopher Ehrhardt21 From Shyness to Social Anxiety: Understanding Solitude in the Context of Immigration 294Yiyuan Xu, Charissa S.L. Cheah, Craig H. Hart, and You Jung SeoPart IV Solitude, Health, and Psychopathology 30922 Introversion, Solitude, and Happiness 311John M. Zelenski, Karin Sobocko, and Deanna C. Whelan23 Solitary and Social Aspects of Restoration in Nature 325Kalevi Korpela and Henk Staats24 Intentional Solitude and Mindfulness: The Benefits of Being Alone 340Chelom E. Leavitt, Bethany Butzer, Rebecca W. Clarke, and Kami Dvorakova25 Loneliness and Associated Mental Health Sequelae in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder 351Lauren Baczewski and Connie Kasari26 Social Anxiety Disorder and Emotional Solitude 364Lynn E. Alden and Klint Fung27 Hikikomori: Risks and Consequences of Extreme Self‐imposed Social Marginalization 378Paul W.C. Wong and Tim M.H. Li28 Solitary Confinement Is Not “Solitude”: The Worst Case Scenario of Being “Alone” in Prison 390Craig HaneyPart V Magnum Opus 40529 Social Withdrawal in Childhood: A Personal History of Theory and Research That Guided a Program of Developmental Research 407Kenneth H. RubinIndex 448

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