Handbook of Recycling

Christina Meskers, Ph.D. is senior research scientist at SINTEF, in the Industrial eco-systems department. Prior to this, she was senior advisor at the Industrial Ecology programme of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (2021-2022), and senior manager open innovation, and market intelligence & business research at Umicore, Belgium. She graduated from Delft University of Technology with degrees in resource engineering and materials science. Christina has a passion for innovation and strategy, connecting people and ideas across disciplines, industries, organisations and value chains. Her work focuses on the contribution of metals and materials industry to the transition to sustainable products and a sustainable society. She has over 15 years of experience in the (raw) materials sector, including co-authoring a United Nations' International Resource Panel report on recycling (2013), and contributing to Principles of metal refining & recycling (2021), as well as organizing numerous symposia. She served on the advisory boards of international master programs, innovation networks, the Board of Directors of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (2020-2023), and is associate editor of the Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. Christina was a 2020 Brimacombe Medalist and awarded the TMS Young Leaders Professional Development Award (2008).Ernst Worrell (Ph.D.) is professor of ‘Energy, Resources & Technological Change’ at Utrecht University in the Copernicus Institute. His research focuses on the technical, economic and policy aspects of the energy-resource nexus, including energy, material, and resource efficiency improvement, as well as waste management and processing. The research includes the transition to a circular economy working on recycling and material efficiency. He has led the industrial energy assessment work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory until 2008 and was Director Energy Use & Efficiency at the sustainable energy consulting company Ecofys between 2004 and 2010. He is (co-) author of over 300 publications, of which over 200 peer-reviewed articles. He was until 2013, for 12 years Editor-in-Chief of the peer-reviewed journal Resources, Conservation and Recycling, and also serves as associate editor of Energy, the International Journal and of Energy Efficiency. Markus A. Reuter is with SMS Group in Düsseldorf, Germany. Prior to holding this position, Reuter was director at Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology; chief technologist, Ausmelt Australia; and director of technology management, Outotec (now Metso) Australia and Finland. He also worked at Mintek & Anglo American Corporation both in South Africa. In addition, he has served as a full professor at TU Delft in the Netherlands and the University of Melbourne in Australia, and has held honorary and adjunct professorships at Aalto University in Finland, at Central South University in China, and presently ongoing positions at TU Bergakademie Freiberg in Germany, as well as Curtin University Perth in Australia. He holds honorary doctorates from the University of Liège in Belgium and the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa; D.Eng. & Ph.D. degrees from Stellenbosch University; and a Dr. habil. from RWTH Aachen in Germany. Recent honors include receiving The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) TMS Extraction & Processing Division Distinguished Lecture Award in 2016, delivering the TMS Extraction & Processing Division (EPD) and Light Metals Luncheon Lectures in 2020 & 2022 respectively, receiving 3 TMS Science Awards in 2022 & 2014 and as well as receiving an Outotec Technology award in 2014.

• Part 1 - Recycling in context1. Introduction2. The fundamental limits of circularity quantified by digital twinning3. Maps of the physical economy to inform sustainability strategies4. Material efficiency—Squaring the circular economy: Recycling within a hierarchy of material management strategies5. Material and product-centric recycling and design for recycling rules and digital methods6. Developments in collection of municipal waste7. The path to inclusive recycling: Developing countries and the informal sector Part 2 - Recycling from a product perspective8. Physical separation9. Sensor-based sorting10. Mixed bulky waste11. Packaging12. End-of-life vehicles13. Electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)14. Photovoltaic and wind energy equipment15. Buildings16. Construction and demolition waste17. Industrial by-products18. Mine tailings Part 3 - Recycling from a material perspective19. Steel20. Aluminum21. Copper22. Lead23. Zinc24. Ferroalloy elements25. Precious and technology metals26. Concrete and aggregates27. Cementitious binders incorporating residues28. Glass29. Lumber30. Paper31. Plastic recycling32. Black rubber products34. Carbon fibers Part 4 - Recycling and the circular economy35. From waste management to circular economy—The role of recycling in policy36. Geopolitics of resources and recycling37. Information and communication38. Recycling, law, and the circular economy39. Extended producer responsibility40. Exploring the economics of recycling in a dynamic global context41. Economic policy instruments42. Economic aspects of metal recycling Part 5 - Recycling fundamentals43. Physical separation44. Thermodynamics45. Exergy—Quantification of resource dissipation46. Process simulation—Thermodynamics and process technology to understand recycling systems47. Life cycle assessment (LCA)