Ernst Worrell (Ph.D.) is professor of ‘Energy, Resources & Technological Change’ at Utrecht University in the Copernicus Institute. His research focuses on the technical, economic and policy aspects of the energy-resource nexus, including energy, material, and resource efficiency improvement, as well as waste management and processing. The research includes the transition to a circular economy working on recycling and material efficiency. He has led the industrial energy assessment work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory until 2008 and was Director Energy Use & Efficiency at the sustainable energy consulting company Ecofys between 2004 and 2010. He is (co-) author of over 300 publications, of which over 200 peer-reviewed articles. He was until 2013, for 12 years Editor-in-Chief of the peer-reviewed journal Resources, Conservation and Recycling, and also serves as associate editor of Energy, the International Journal and of Energy Efficiency. Markus A. Reuter is with SMS Group in Düsseldorf, Germany. Prior to holding this position, Reuter was director at Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology; chief technologist, Ausmelt Australia; and director of technology management, Outotec (now Metso) Australia and Finland. He also worked at Mintek & Anglo American Corporation both in South Africa. In addition, he has served as a full professor at TU Delft in the Netherlands and the University of Melbourne in Australia, and has held honorary and adjunct professorships at Aalto University in Finland, at Central South University in China, and presently ongoing positions at TU Bergakademie Freiberg in Germany, as well as Curtin University Perth in Australia. He holds honorary doctorates from the University of Liège in Belgium and the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa; D.Eng. & Ph.D. degrees from Stellenbosch University; and a Dr. habil. from RWTH Aachen in Germany. Recent honors include receiving The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) TMS Extraction & Processing Division Distinguished Lecture Award in 2016, delivering the TMS Extraction & Processing Division (EPD) and Light Metals Luncheon Lectures in 2020 & 2022 respectively, receiving 3 TMS Science Awards in 2022 & 2014 and as well as receiving an Outotec Technology award in 2014.

• I RECYCLING IN CONTEXT1 Recycling: A Key Factor for Resource Efficiency2 Definitions and Terminology3 Recycling in Context4 Recycling Rare Metals5 Theory and Tools of Physical Separation/RecyclingII RECYCLING - APPLICATION & TECHNOLOGY6 Recycling of Steel7 Copper Recycling8 Lead Recycling9 Zinc and Residue Recycling10 Recycling of Rare Metals11 Recycling of Lumber12 Paper Recycling13 Plastic Recycling14 Glass Recycling15 Textile Recycling16 Cementitious Binders17 Industrial By-products18 Recovery of Metals from Different Secondary Resources (Waste)19 Recycling of Carbon Fibers20 Recycling of Construction and Demolition Wastes21 Recycling of Packaging22 Material-Centric (Aluminum and Copper) and Product-Centric (Cars, WEEE, TV, Lamps, Batteries, Catalysts) Recycling and DfR Rules23 Separation of Large Municipal Solid Waste24 Recovery of Construction and Demolition Wastes25 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Management26 Developments in Collection of Municipal Solid WasteIII STRATEGY AND POLICY27 From Recycling to Eco-design28 Recycling and Labeling29 Informal Waste Recycling in Developing Countries30 Squaring the Circular Economy31 The Economics of Recycling32 Geopolitics of Resources and Recycling33 Recycling in Waste Management Policy34 Voluntary and Negotiated Agreements35 Economic Instruments36 Information Instruments37 Regulatory Instruments: Sustainable Materials Management, Recycling, and the LawAppendix 1: Physical Separation 101Appendix 2: Thermodynamics 101Appendix 3: Life-Cycle Assessment