Handbook of Policy Advice

Edited by Michael Howlett, Burnaby Mountain Professor and Canada Research Chair (Tier 1), Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada and Ishani Mukherjee, Associate Professor, School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore

• ContentsSpeaking truth to power no more? Examining the patterns and practices of policy advice in the contemporary era 1Michael Howlett and Ishani MukherjeePART I INTRODUCTION AND KEY CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF POLICY ADVICESection I.1 Introduction – policy advice and why it is problematic1 Speaking truth to power: the dynamics of knowledge use in policymaking 15Giliberto Capano and Anna Malandrino2 Rethinking a policy science for democracy: a deliberative approach to expert advice 25Frank Fischer3 ‘Non-knowledge’ in contemporary public policy: amnesia, ignorance, and misinformation 35Adam Hannah, Jordan Tchilingirian and Linda Courtenay Botterill4 Policy advice as a particular type of policy work 47Arnošt Veselý5 Knowledge demand: the political drivers of policy advice 58Rob Manwaring and Lawrence VelascoSection I.2 The nature of policy advice6 What counts as evidence in policy advice 71Paul Cairney7 Evidence-based policy or policy-based evidence? Science–policy relations in evidence-based policymaking 83Holger Straßheim8 Issues of quality: what is good policy analysis and how do we know? 101Wil A.H. Thissen and Patricia G.J. Twaalfhoven9 Utilization-focused scientific policy advice: a six-point checklist for experts and professionals 136Fritz Sager, Céline Mavrot, Markus Hinterleitner, David Kaufmann, Martin Grosjean and Thomas F. Stocker 10 Policy advice and capacity 146A�z�a�d� �S�i�n�g�h� �B�a�l�i� �a�n�d� �M�.� �K�e�r�e�m� �C�o�b�a�n�Section I.3 Generating policy knowledge11 Knowledge supply: expert professions, epistemic communities and instrument constituencies 160J�o�h�a�n� �C�h�r�i�s�t�e�n�s�e�n�12 The nature of policy influence: what kinds of advice do governments listen to and for what purposes? 170N�a�t�a�l�i�a� �M�a�s�s�a�c�o� �K�o�g�a�,� �P�e�d�r�o� �L�u�c�a�s� �d�e� �M�o�u�r�a� �P�a�l�o�t�t�i�,� �B�r�u�n�o� �G�o�n�t�y�j�o� �d�o� �C�o�u�t�o�,� �R�a�f�a�e�l� �d�a� �S�i�l�v�a� �L�i�n�s� �a�n�d� �M�a�r�i�c�i�l�e�n�e� �I�s�a�i�r�a� �B�a�i�a� �d�o� �N�a�s�c�i�m�e�n�t�o�13 Ideas and policy advice 186D�a�n�i�e�l� �B�él�a�n�d� �a�n�d� �I�s�h�a�n�i� �M�u�k�h�e�r�j�e�e�14 Interest-based policy influence organizations: lobbyists and interest groups 195C�h�r�i�s�t�o�p�h�e�r� �A�.� �C�o�o�p�e�r� �a�n�d� �M�a�x�i�m�e� �B�o�u�c�h�e�r�15 Transnational policy advice: transfer agents and power relations 208O�s�m�a�n�y� �P�o�r�t�o� �d�e� �O�l�i�v�e�i�r�a� �a�n�d� �C�él�i�n�e� �M�a�v�r�o�t�PART II POLICY ADVICE AND KNOWLEDGE UTILIZATION IN PUBLIC POLICY-MAKINGSection II.1 The sources of policy advice16 The three-legged race: public servants and political advisers in the policy process 222R�i�c�h�a�r�d� �S�h�a�w�17 The role of academics: super-users and hyper-experts in delivering policy advice 233A�n�d�r�e�a� �M�i�g�o�n�e�,� �R�.� �M�i�c�h�a�e�l� �M�c�G�r�e�g�o�r�,� �K�a�t�h�y� �B�r�o�c�k� �a�n�d� �M�i�c�h�a�e�l� �H�o�w�l�e�t�t�18 The governance of policy advice: between scientization and a participatory turn 246E�v�a� �K�r�i�c�k�,� �C�a�t�h�r�i�n�e� �H�o�l�s�t� �a�n�d� �J�o�h�a�n� �C�h�r�i�s�t�e�n�s�e�n�19 Lobbying across the policy cycle: sources of policy advice lobbyists, policy consulting, and think tanks 262D�a�v�i�d� �C�o�e�n� �a�n�d� �A�l�e�x�a�n�d�e�r� �K�a�t�s�a�i�t�i�s�20 Engineering advice for policy: opportunities and risks 276A�d�a�m� �C�.� �G�.� �C�o�o�p�e�r� �a�n�d� �L�a�u�r�e�n�t� �L�i�o�t�é �Section II.2 The organization of policy advice21 The role of internal governmental knowledge agencies: statistical bureaus and legislative research offices 287Cosmo Howard22 The new ecology and dynamics of bureaucratic policy advisory systems: policy, innovation, and appraisal units in turbulent environments 299Evert Lindquist23 Organizing policy advice within government: the role of policy shops 315Andrea Migone and Michael Howlett24 Think tanks and policy labs: knowledge-based policy influence organizations as policy advisors 331Adam M. Wellstead and Michael Howlett25 Something old, something new: public inquiries and policy advice 340Alastair Stark and Sophie YatesSection II.3 Communicating policy knowledge and advice knowledge protocols26 Use and effectiveness of policy briefs as a knowledge transfer tool: a scoping review 353Diana Arnautu and Christian Dagenais27 Awareness and use of systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses by ministerial policy analysts 366Pierre-Olivier Bédard and Mathieu Ouimet28 Evaluation influence? Mobilizing policy evaluation advice into the policy process 381Pirmin Bundi and Valérie Pattyn29 Can the use of minipublics backfire? Examining how policy adoption shapes the effect of minipublics on political support among the general public 391Lisa Van Dijk and Jonas Lefevere30 Embracing the future of the policy sciences: big data in pedagogy and practice 408Ola G. El-Taliawi, Nihit Goyal and Michael HowlettPART III MATCHING POLICY ADVICE SUPPLY AND DEMANDSection III.1 Policy brokers31 Interactions between governments and information suppliers: beyond the two communities metaphor 428Joshua Newman and Mirah Mahaswari 32 Knowledge brokers 438Eleanor MacKillop, James Downe, Steve Martin and Hannah Durrant33 Policy entrepreneurs and policy brokerage for policy advice 452Darren Disney and Michael Mintrom34 The role of policy advice and policy professionals in organizations 462Joanna Mellquist35 Political advisors as policy brokers 474Marleen Brans and Pierre SquevinSection III.2 Policy consulting36 Obtaining policy advice through the market 487Michael Howlett and Andrea Migone37 Core and linkage formulation work: understanding the scope of consultants’ policy formulation roles and what drives their policy influence 507Reut Marciano38 From consultocracy to professional service cartels: understanding the leverage of transnational professional service firms in the market for policy advice 519Chris Hurl39 Behavioural policy advice: the location of specialized policy consultants 532Ishani Mukherjee and Sarah Giest40 A very special kind of consultant: how public engagement practitioners deal with the democratic ethos of their profession 542Laurence BhererSection III.3 Policy advice systems41 Policy Advisory Systems as knowledge filters: actors, contents, and dynamics in public policy 555Maria Tullia Galanti42 The politico-administrative and politico-ideational foundations of comparative Policy Advisory Systems 575Jakob Laage-Thomsen43 Change and dynamics in policy advisory systems: confronting the types and nature of PAS change 589Jonathan Craft and John Halligan44 Variations of policy advisory systems: taking stock 600Thurid Hustedt 45 Democratising expertise 609Eva Krick and Cathrine HolstPART IV THE FUTURE OF POLICY ADVICESection IV.1 Future Trends: participatory advice and pluralistic knowledge sources46 The potentials and limitations of using artificial intelligence for policymaking 622Pascal D. Koenig and Georg Wenzelburger47 Co-production, collaboration and co-design as sources of policy advice 638Colette Einfeld and Emma Blomkamp48 Problems of expertise in a populist era 649Brian Head49 The impact of social media, ‘fake news,’ and disinformation on policy advice 660Kris Hartley50 Policy influence and influencers online and off 673Anniina Kotkaniemi, Tuomas Ylä-Anttila, Ted Hsuan and Yun ChenIndex 695

‘Howlett and Mukherjee have edited a fascinating and valuable Handbook that will be a key reference for scholars and students. It puts a spotlight on a part of the policy process that was always thought important, but the range of contributions in this Handbook makes it into a subject in its own right.’