Scott H. Decker is Foundation Professor of the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Arizona State University. His most recent books include European Street Gangs and Troublesome Youth Groups (edited with Frank Weerman, 2005), Drug Smugglers on Drug Smuggling: Lessons from the Inside (2008), and Criminology and Public Policy: Putting Theory to Work (with Hugh Barlow, 2010).David C. Pyrooz is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at University of Colorado Boulder. He is the author of Confronting Gangs: Crime and Community (with G. David Curry and Scott H. Decker, 2014).

• Notes on Contributors vii 1 Introduction 1Scott H. Decker and David C. Pyrooz2 The Logic of Defining Gangs Revisited 7G. David Curry3 Little Gang Research, Big Gang Research 28David C. Pyrooz and Meghan M. Mitchell4 Documenting Gang Activity: Intelligence Databases 59C. Ronald Huff and Julie Barrows5 Gang Membership in a Developmental and Life]Course Perspective 78Beidi Dong, Chris L. Gibson, and Marvin D. Krohn6 Neighborhoods and Street Gangs 98Andrew V. Papachristos and Lorine A. Hughes7 Gangs and Social Learning Theory: What We Know, What We Need to Know, and Why it Matters 118L. Thomas Winfree, Jr. and Adrienne Freng8 Social Psychology of Gangs: An Intergroup Communication Perspective 136DaJung Woo, Howard Giles, Michael A. Hogg, and Liran Goldman9 Social Network Analysis and Gangs 157Michael Sierra]Arevalo and Andrew V. Papachristos10 Gangs, Guns, and Violence: Synergistic Effects 178Arna L. Carlock and Alan J. Lizotte11 Gangs and Drugs: Connections, Divergence, and Culture 193Mark S. Fleisher12 Gender, Sexuality, and Gangs: Re]envisioning Diversity 208Vanessa R. Panfil and Dana Peterson13 Joining the Gang: A Process of Supply and Demand 235James A. Densley14 Leaving the Gang: A Review and Thoughts on Future Research 257Dena C. Carson and J. Michael Vecchio15 Micro]Level Processes of the Gang 276Jean M. McGloin and Megan E. Collins16 Street Gangs, Terrorists, Drug Smugglers, and Organized Crime: What’s the Difference? 294Scott H. Decker and David C. Pyrooz17 Police Gang Units and Effective Gang Violence Reduction 309Anthony A. Braga18 Gangs in Correctional Institutions 328Shytierra Gaston and Beth M. Huebner19 Legislative Approaches to Addressing Gangs and Gang]Related Crime 345Beth Bjerregaard20 The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program: An Evaluator’s Perspective 369Finn]Aage Esbensen21 The OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Strategy: The Comprehensive Gang Model 392Erika Gebo, Brenda J. Bond, and Krystal S. Campos22 The Legacy of Malcolm W. Klein 406Cheryl L. Maxson23 The Legacy of Irving A. Spergel 424James C. Howell24 The Legacy of James F. Short, Jr. 440Lorine A. Hughes25 The Legacy of Walter B. Miller 458Richard K. Moule, Jr.26 Understanding Gangs in Contemporary Latin America 478Dennis Rodgers and Adam Baird27 Understanding European Gangs 503Frank van Gemert and Frank M. Weerman28 European Responses to Gangs 520Rob Ralphs and Hannah Smithson29 Gangs in African, Asian, and Australian Settings 538Angela Higginson and Kathryn BenierAuthor Index 558Subject Index 572

"This large compendium of research on youth and street gangs makes valuable contributions to the field.... This handbook is a valuable resource as an overview of the state-of-the-art of basic gang research."—James C. Howell, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Books

Scott H. Decker is Foundation Professor of the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Arizona State University. His most recent books include European Street Gangs and Troublesome Youth Groups (edited with Frank Weerman, 2005), Drug Smugglers on Drug Smuggling: Lessons from the Inside (2008), and Criminology and Public Policy: Putting Theory to Work (with Hugh Barlow, 2010).David C. Pyrooz is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at University of Colorado Boulder. He is the author of Confronting Gangs: Crime and Community (with G. David Curry and Scott H. Decker, 2014).

• Notes on Contributors vii 1 Introduction 1Scott H. Decker and David C. Pyrooz2 The Logic of Defining Gangs Revisited 7G. David Curry3 Little Gang Research, Big Gang Research 28David C. Pyrooz and Meghan M. Mitchell4 Documenting Gang Activity: Intelligence Databases 59C. Ronald Huff and Julie Barrows5 Gang Membership in a Developmental and Life]Course Perspective 78Beidi Dong, Chris L. Gibson, and Marvin D. Krohn6 Neighborhoods and Street Gangs 98Andrew V. Papachristos and Lorine A. Hughes7 Gangs and Social Learning Theory: What We Know, What We Need to Know, and Why it Matters 118L. Thomas Winfree, Jr. and Adrienne Freng8 Social Psychology of Gangs: An Intergroup Communication Perspective 136DaJung Woo, Howard Giles, Michael A. Hogg, and Liran Goldman9 Social Network Analysis and Gangs 157Michael Sierra]Arevalo and Andrew V. Papachristos10 Gangs, Guns, and Violence: Synergistic Effects 178Arna L. Carlock and Alan J. Lizotte11 Gangs and Drugs: Connections, Divergence, and Culture 193Mark S. Fleisher12 Gender, Sexuality, and Gangs: Re]envisioning Diversity 208Vanessa R. Panfil and Dana Peterson13 Joining the Gang: A Process of Supply and Demand 235James A. Densley14 Leaving the Gang: A Review and Thoughts on Future Research 257Dena C. Carson and J. Michael Vecchio15 Micro]Level Processes of the Gang 276Jean M. McGloin and Megan E. Collins16 Street Gangs, Terrorists, Drug Smugglers, and Organized Crime: What’s the Difference? 294Scott H. Decker and David C. Pyrooz17 Police Gang Units and Effective Gang Violence Reduction 309Anthony A. Braga18 Gangs in Correctional Institutions 328Shytierra Gaston and Beth M. Huebner19 Legislative Approaches to Addressing Gangs and Gang]Related Crime 345Beth Bjerregaard20 The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program: An Evaluator’s Perspective 369Finn]Aage Esbensen21 The OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Strategy: The Comprehensive Gang Model 392Erika Gebo, Brenda J. Bond, and Krystal S. Campos22 The Legacy of Malcolm W. Klein 406Cheryl L. Maxson23 The Legacy of Irving A. Spergel 424James C. Howell24 The Legacy of James F. Short, Jr. 440Lorine A. Hughes25 The Legacy of Walter B. Miller 458Richard K. Moule, Jr.26 Understanding Gangs in Contemporary Latin America 478Dennis Rodgers and Adam Baird27 Understanding European Gangs 503Frank van Gemert and Frank M. Weerman28 European Responses to Gangs 520Rob Ralphs and Hannah Smithson29 Gangs in African, Asian, and Australian Settings 538Angela Higginson and Kathryn BenierAuthor Index 558Subject Index 572

"This large compendium of research on youth and street gangs makes valuable contributions to the field.... This handbook is a valuable resource as an overview of the state-of-the-art of basic gang research."—James C. Howell, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Books

Scott H. Decker is Foundation Professor of the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Arizona State University. His most recent books include European Street Gangs and Troublesome Youth Groups (edited with Frank Weerman, 2005), Drug Smugglers on Drug Smuggling: Lessons from the Inside (2008), and Criminology and Public Policy: Putting Theory to Work (with Hugh Barlow, 2010).David C. Pyrooz is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at University of Colorado Boulder. He is the author of Confronting Gangs: Crime and Community (with G. David Curry and Scott H. Decker, 2014).

• Notes on Contributors vii 1 Introduction 1Scott H. Decker and David C. Pyrooz2 The Logic of Defining Gangs Revisited 7G. David Curry3 Little Gang Research, Big Gang Research 28David C. Pyrooz and Meghan M. Mitchell4 Documenting Gang Activity: Intelligence Databases 59C. Ronald Huff and Julie Barrows5 Gang Membership in a Developmental and Life]Course Perspective 78Beidi Dong, Chris L. Gibson, and Marvin D. Krohn6 Neighborhoods and Street Gangs 98Andrew V. Papachristos and Lorine A. Hughes7 Gangs and Social Learning Theory: What We Know, What We Need to Know, and Why it Matters 118L. Thomas Winfree, Jr. and Adrienne Freng8 Social Psychology of Gangs: An Intergroup Communication Perspective 136DaJung Woo, Howard Giles, Michael A. Hogg, and Liran Goldman9 Social Network Analysis and Gangs 157Michael Sierra]Arevalo and Andrew V. Papachristos10 Gangs, Guns, and Violence: Synergistic Effects 178Arna L. Carlock and Alan J. Lizotte11 Gangs and Drugs: Connections, Divergence, and Culture 193Mark S. Fleisher12 Gender, Sexuality, and Gangs: Re]envisioning Diversity 208Vanessa R. Panfil and Dana Peterson13 Joining the Gang: A Process of Supply and Demand 235James A. Densley14 Leaving the Gang: A Review and Thoughts on Future Research 257Dena C. Carson and J. Michael Vecchio15 Micro]Level Processes of the Gang 276Jean M. McGloin and Megan E. Collins16 Street Gangs, Terrorists, Drug Smugglers, and Organized Crime: What’s the Difference? 294Scott H. Decker and David C. Pyrooz17 Police Gang Units and Effective Gang Violence Reduction 309Anthony A. Braga18 Gangs in Correctional Institutions 328Shytierra Gaston and Beth M. Huebner19 Legislative Approaches to Addressing Gangs and Gang]Related Crime 345Beth Bjerregaard20 The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program: An Evaluator’s Perspective 369Finn]Aage Esbensen21 The OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Strategy: The Comprehensive Gang Model 392Erika Gebo, Brenda J. Bond, and Krystal S. Campos22 The Legacy of Malcolm W. Klein 406Cheryl L. Maxson23 The Legacy of Irving A. Spergel 424James C. Howell24 The Legacy of James F. Short, Jr. 440Lorine A. Hughes25 The Legacy of Walter B. Miller 458Richard K. Moule, Jr.26 Understanding Gangs in Contemporary Latin America 478Dennis Rodgers and Adam Baird27 Understanding European Gangs 503Frank van Gemert and Frank M. Weerman28 European Responses to Gangs 520Rob Ralphs and Hannah Smithson29 Gangs in African, Asian, and Australian Settings 538Angela Higginson and Kathryn BenierAuthor Index 558Subject Index 572

"This large compendium of research on youth and street gangs makes valuable contributions to the field.... This handbook is a valuable resource as an overview of the state-of-the-art of basic gang research."—James C. Howell, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Books