Handbook of Environmental Engineering

MYER KUTZ is the head of Myer Kutz Associates, Inc. For the past several years, he has focused on developing engineering handbooks and encyclopedias on a wide range of technical topics. Earlier, his firm supplied consulting services to a large client roster, including Fortune 500 companies, scientific societies, and large and small publishers.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xv1 Environmental Systems Analysis 1Adisa Azapagic1.1 Introduction 11.2 Environmental Systems Analysis Methods 11.3 Summary 11References 112 Measurements in Environmental Engineering 13Daniel A. ValleroSummary 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Environmental Sampling Approaches 182.3 Laboratory Analysis 222.4 Sources of Uncertainty 252.5 Measurements and Models 272.6 Contaminants of Concern 272.7 Environmental Indicators 312.8 Emerging Trends in Measurement 332.9 Measurement Ethics 40Note 41References 413 Environmental Law for Engineers 45Jana B. Milford3.1 Introduction and General Principles 453.2 Common Law 483.3 The National Environmental Policy Act 503.4 Clean Air Act 523.5 Clean Water Act 553.6 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 583.7 CERCLA 613.8 Enforcement and Liability 62Notes 654 Climate Modeling 67Huei‐Ping Huang4.1 Introduction 674.2 Historical Development 674.3 Numerical Architecture of the Dynamical Core 684.4 Physical and Subgrid‐Scale Parameterization 714.5 Coupling among the Major Components of the Climate System 734.6 The Practice of Climate Prediction and Projection 734.7 Statistical Model 774.8 Outlook 77References 785 Climate Change Impact Analysis for the Environmental Engineer 83Panshu Zhao, John R. Giardino, and Kevin R. Gamache5.1 Introduction 835.2 Earth System’s Critical Zone 845.3 Perception,Risk, and Hazard 875.4 Climatology Methods 945.5 Geomorphometry:The Best Approach for Impact Analysis 99 References 1146 Adaptation Design to Sea Level Rise 119Mujde Erten‐Unal and Mason Andrews6.1 Introduction: Sea Level Rise 1196.2 Existing Structures and Adaptation Design to Sea Level Rise 1206.3 Case Studies Reflecting Adaptation Design Solutions 124Notes 135References 1357 Soil Physical Properties and Processes 137Morteza Sadeghi, Ebrahim Babaeian, Emmanuel Arthur, Scott B. Jones, and Markus Tuller7.1 Introduction 1377.2 Basic Properties of Soils 1377.3 Water Flow in Soils 1587.4 Solute Transport 1737.5 Soil Temperature, Thermal Properties, and Heat Flow 1827.6 Summary 194Acknowledgments 194Abbreviations 194Physical Constants and Variables 195References 1988 In Situ Soil and Sediment Remediation: Electrokinetic and Electrochemical Methods 209Sibel Pamukcu8.1 Introduction and Background 2098.2 Overview and Theory of Direct Electric Current in Soil and Sediment Remediation 2118.3 Electrokinetically and Electrochemically Aided Soil and Sediment Remediation 2228.4 Summary and Conclusions 239References 2409 Remote Sensing of Environmental Variables and Fluxes 249Morteza Sadeghi, Ebrahim Babaeian, Ardeshir M. Ebtehaj, Scott B. Jones, and Markus Tuller9.1 Introduction 2499.2 RadiativeTransfer Theory 2499.3 RS Technology 2559.4 RS of Static Soil Properties 2639.5 RS of State Variables 2699.6 RS of Environmental Fluxes 2829.7 Summary 287Acknowledgments 288Abbreviations 288Physical Constants and Variables 289References 29010 Environmental Fluid Mechanics 303Nigel B. Kaye, Abdul A. Khan, and Firat Y. Testik10.1 Open‐ Channel Flow 30310.2 Surface Waves 30810.3 Groundwater Flow 31010.4 Advection and Diffusion 31310.5 Turbulent Jets 31810.6 Turbulent Buoyant Plumes 32010.7 Gravity Currents 326References 32911 Water Quality 333Steven C. Chapra11.1 Introduction 33311.2 Historical Background 33411.3 Overview of Modern Water Quality 33611.4 Natural or “Conventional” Water Quality Problems 33911.5 Toxic Substances 34511.6 Emerging Water Pollutants 34811.7 Back to the Future 348Note 349References 34912 Wastewater Engineering 351Say Kee Ong12.1 Introduction 35112.2 Wastewater Characteristics and Treatment Requirements 35112.3 Treatment Technologies 35512.4 Summary 371References 37113 Wastewater Recycling 375Judith L. Sims and Kirsten M. Sims13.1 Introduction 37513.2 Uses of Reclaimed Wastewater 37613.3 Reliability Requirements for Wastewater Reclamation and Recycling Systems 41413.4 Planning and Funding for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse 41613.5 Legal and Regulatory Issues 41613.6 Public Involvement and Participation 41813.7 Additional Considerations for Wastewater Recycling and Reclamation: Integrated Resource Recovery 41813.8 Additional Sources of Information 423References 42314 Design of Porous Pavements for Improved Water Quality and Reduced Runoff 425Will Martin, Milani Sumanasooriya, Nigel B. Kaye, and Brad Putman14.1 Introduction 42514.2 Benefits 42814.3 Hydraulic Characterization 43014.4 Hydraulic and Hydrologic Behavior 43514.5 Design, Construction, and Maintenance 442References 44815 Air Pollution Control Engineering 453Kumar Ganesan and Louis Theodore15.1 Overview of Air Quality 45315.2 Emissions of Particulates 45315.3 Control of Particulates 45915.4 Control of Gaseous Compounds 476Acknowledgment 491References 491Further Reading 49116 Atmospheric Aerosols and Their Measurement 493Christian M. Carrico16.1 Overview of Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere 49316.2 History and Regulation 49316.3 Particle Concentration Measurements 49416.4 Measuring Particle Sizing Characteristics 49716.5 Ambient Aerosol Particle Size Distribution Measurements 49816.6 Aerosol Measurements: Sampling Concerns 50116.7 Aerosol Formation and Aging Processes 50116.8 Aerosol Optical Properties: Impacts on Visibility and Climate 50216.9 Measurements of Aerosol Optical Properties 50516.10 Aerosol Chemical Composition 50616.11 Aerosol Hygroscopicity 50916.12 Aerosols,Meteorology, and Climate 51116.13 Aerosol Emission Control Technology 51316.14 Summary and Conclusion 515References 51517 Indoor Air Pollution 519Shelly L. Miller17.1 Introduction 51917.2 Completely Mixed Flow Reactor Model 52217.3 Deposition Velocity 52417.4 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation 52617.5 Filtration of Particles and Gases 52817.6 Ventilation and Infiltration 53217.7 Ventilation Measurements 53617.8 Thermal Comfort and Psychrometrics 53917.9 Energy Efficiency Retrofits 54117.10 Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution 54217.11 Radon Overview 54617.12 Sources of Indoor Radon 54817.13 Controlling Indoor Radon 55017.14 Particles in Indoor Air 55117.15 Bioaerosols 55317.16 Volatile Organic Compounds 55517.17 VOC Surface Interactions 55617.18 Emissions Characterization 55717.19 Odors 559Acknowledgments 560Note 560References 56018 Environmental Noise Pollution 565Sharad Gokhale18.1 Introduction 56518.2 Environmental Noise 56518.3 Effects on Human Health and Environment 56618.4 Sound Propagation in Environment 56718.5 Characteristics of Sound 56918.6 Relationship between Characteristics 57018.7 Environmental Noise Levels 57318.8 Measurement and Analysis of Ambient Noise 57418.9 Environmental Noise Management 579Note 580References 58119 Hazardous Waste Management 583Clayton J. Clark II and Stephanie Luster‐Teasley19.1 Fundamentals 58319.2 Legal Framework 58519.3 Fate and Transport 59119.4 Toxicology 59319.5 Environmental Audits 59419.6 General Overall Site Remediation Procedure 596References 59820 Waste Minimization and Reuse Technologies 599Bora Cetin and Lin Li20.1 Introduction 59920.2 Type of Recycled Waste Materials 59920.3 Recycling Applications of Fly Ash and Recycled Concrete Aggregates 60120.4 Benefit of Recycling Materials Usage 62120.5 Conclusions 621References 62321 Solid Waste Separation and Processing: Principles and Equipment 627Georgios N. Anastassakis21.1 Introduction 62721.2 Size (or Volume) Reduction of Solid Waste 62921.3 Size Separation 63621.4 Manual‐/Sensor‐Based Sorting 63821.5 Density (or Gravity) Separation 64921.6 Magnetic/Electrostatic Separation 65321.7 Ballistic Separation 66021.8 Froth Flotation 66121.9 Products Agglomeration (Cubing and Pelletizing) 66121.10 Compaction (Baling) 66321.11 Benefits and Prospects of Recycling 666References 66922 Waste Reduction in Metals Manufacturing 673Carl C. Nesbitt22.1 Wastes at the Mine Sites 67422.2 Chemical Metallurgy Wastes 67822.3 Conclusions 686Reference 686Further Reading 68723 Waste Reduction and Pollution Prevention for the Chemicals Industry: Methodologies, Economics,and Multiscale Modeling Approaches 689Cheng Seong Khor, Chandra Mouli R. Madhuranthakam, and Ali Elkamel23.1 Introduction 68923.2 Development of Pollution Prevention Programs 69123.3 Economics of Pollution Prevention 69823.4 Survey of Tools, Technologies, and Best Practices for Pollution Prevention 69923.5 ConcludingRemarks 707References 70724 Industrial Waste Auditing 709C. Visvanathan24.1 Overview 70924.2 Waste Minimization Programs 71024.3 Waste Minimization Cycle 71124.4 Waste Auditing 71224.5 Phase I: Preparatory Works for Waste Audit 71224.6 Phase II: Preassessment of Target Processes 71724.7 Phase III: Assessment 71924.8 Phase IV: Synthesis and Preliminary Analysis 72224.9 Conclusion 724Suggested Reading 729Index 731