Edited by Stephen Elstub, Senior Lecturer in British Politics, Department of Politics, Newcastle University and Oliver Escobar, Senior Lecturer in Public Policy, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK

• ContentsIntroduction to the Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance :the field of democratic innovation 1Oliver Escobar and Stephen ElstubSECTION I TYPES OF DEMOCRATIC INNOVATION1. Defining and typologising democratic innovations 11Stephen Elstub and Oliver Escobar2. Democratic innovations and theories of democracy 32Ian O’Flynn3. Mini-publics: design choices and legitimacy 45Clodagh Harris4. Collaborative governance: between invited and invented spaces 60Sonia Bussu5. The long journey of participatory budgeting 77Ernesto Ganuza and Gianpaolo Baiocchi6. Referendums and citizens’ initiatives 90Maija Jäske and Maija Setälä7. Digital participation 105Hollie Russon Gilman and Tiago Carneiro PeixotoSECTION II DEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS ANDTHE DEMOCRATIC MALAISE8. Does political trust matter? 120Gerry Stoker and Mark Evans9. Accountability and democratic innovations 135Albert Weale10. Anti-politics and democratic innovation 148Matthew Flinders, Matthew Wood and Jack Corbett11. The impact of democratic innovations on citizens’ efficacy 161Paolo SpadaSECTION III ACTORS IN DEMOCRATIC INNOVATION12. Facilitators: the micropolitics of public participation and deliberation 178Oliver Escobar13. Consultants: the emerging participation industry 196Laurence Bherer and Caroline W. Lee14. Public servants in innovative democratic governance 209Wieke Blijleven, Merlijn van Hulst and Frank Hendriks15. Experts: the politics of evidence and expertise in democratic innovation 225Ruth Lightbody and Jennifer J. Roberts16. Advocates: interest groups, civil society organisations and democratic innovation 241Carolyn M. Hendriks17. The role of elected representatives in democratic innovations 255Nivek Thompson18. Journalists: the role of the media in democratic innovation 269Gianfranco PomattoSECTION IV DEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS IN POLICYAND GOVERNANCE19. Democratic innovations and the policy process 282Adrian Bua20. Democratic innovation in science and technology 297Sarah R. Davies21. Democratic innovation in social policy 310Rikki Dean22. Democratic innovation and environmental governance 324Jens Newig, Edward Challies and Nicolas W. Jager23. Democratic innovation in constitutional reform 339Ron Levy24. Democratic innovation in transnational and global governance 354Mikko Rask, Bjørn Bedsted, Edward Andersson and Liisa KallioSECTION V DEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS AROUND THE WORLD25. Democratic innovations in North America 371Christopher F. Karpowitz and Chad Raphael26. Democratic innovations in Latin America 389Thamy Pogrebinschi and Melisa Ross27. Democratic innovations in Europe 404Brigitte Geissel28. Trends in democratic innovation in Asia 421Naoyuki Mikami29. Democratic innovation in Australasia 435Lucy Parry, Jane Alver and Nivek Thompson30. Local democratic innovations in Africa 449Isabel Ferreira and Giovanni AllegrettiSECTION VI RESEARCH METHODS FOR THE STUDY OFDEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS31. Quantitative methods in democratic innovation research 472Simon Beste and Dominik Wyss32. Qualitative approaches to democratic innovations 486Julien Talpin33. Mixed methods research in democratic innovation 501Oliver Escobar and Andrew Thompson34. Using experiments to study democratic innovations 515Kimmo Grönlund and Kaisa Herne35. From discourse quality index to deliberative transformative moments 527Maria Clara Jaramillo and Jürg Steiner36. Analysing deliberative transformation : a multi-level approach incorporatingQ methodology 540Simon Niemeyer37. Comparative approaches to the study of democratic innovation 558Matt RyanCONCLUDING CHAPTER38. Reflections on the theory and practice of democratic innovations 572Graham SmithIndex 583

'Stephen Elstub and Oliver Escobar have assembled an impressive lineup of established and emerging scholars to tell you just about everything you need to know about the state of democratic innovation, its importance, and its future prospects. An essential guide to this crucial and growing field.'--John S. Dryzek, University of Canberra, Australia'Around the world democracies are undergoing something of a renewal resulting in a proliferation of democratic innovations across the globe, Elstub and Escobar's Handbook is a timely and important contribution to the field across theory and practice. It will be an invaluable resource for researchers, practitioners, civil society activists and governments.'--Jane Suiter, Dublin City University, Ireland'At a time when our legacy institutions of representative democracy badly need supplementing so that the democratic project will continue to move forward, this volume impressively advances and consolidates the rapidly developing field of democratic innovations.'--Mark E. Warren, University of British Columbia, Canada

Edited by Stephen Elstub, Senior Lecturer in British Politics, Department of Politics, Newcastle University and Oliver Escobar, Senior Lecturer in Public Policy, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK

• ContentsIntroduction to the Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance :the field of democratic innovation 1Oliver Escobar and Stephen ElstubSECTION I TYPES OF DEMOCRATIC INNOVATION1. Defining and typologising democratic innovations 11Stephen Elstub and Oliver Escobar2. Democratic innovations and theories of democracy 32Ian O’Flynn3. Mini-publics: design choices and legitimacy 45Clodagh Harris4. Collaborative governance: between invited and invented spaces 60Sonia Bussu5. The long journey of participatory budgeting 77Ernesto Ganuza and Gianpaolo Baiocchi6. Referendums and citizens’ initiatives 90Maija Jäske and Maija Setälä7. Digital participation 105Hollie Russon Gilman and Tiago Carneiro PeixotoSECTION II DEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS ANDTHE DEMOCRATIC MALAISE8. Does political trust matter? 120Gerry Stoker and Mark Evans9. Accountability and democratic innovations 135Albert Weale10. Anti-politics and democratic innovation 148Matthew Flinders, Matthew Wood and Jack Corbett11. The impact of democratic innovations on citizens’ efficacy 161Paolo SpadaSECTION III ACTORS IN DEMOCRATIC INNOVATION12. Facilitators: the micropolitics of public participation and deliberation 178Oliver Escobar13. Consultants: the emerging participation industry 196Laurence Bherer and Caroline W. Lee14. Public servants in innovative democratic governance 209Wieke Blijleven, Merlijn van Hulst and Frank Hendriks15. Experts: the politics of evidence and expertise in democratic innovation 225Ruth Lightbody and Jennifer J. Roberts16. Advocates: interest groups, civil society organisations and democratic innovation 241Carolyn M. Hendriks17. The role of elected representatives in democratic innovations 255Nivek Thompson18. Journalists: the role of the media in democratic innovation 269Gianfranco PomattoSECTION IV DEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS IN POLICYAND GOVERNANCE19. Democratic innovations and the policy process 282Adrian Bua20. Democratic innovation in science and technology 297Sarah R. Davies21. Democratic innovation in social policy 310Rikki Dean22. Democratic innovation and environmental governance 324Jens Newig, Edward Challies and Nicolas W. Jager23. Democratic innovation in constitutional reform 339Ron Levy24. Democratic innovation in transnational and global governance 354Mikko Rask, Bjørn Bedsted, Edward Andersson and Liisa KallioSECTION V DEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS AROUND THE WORLD25. Democratic innovations in North America 371Christopher F. Karpowitz and Chad Raphael26. Democratic innovations in Latin America 389Thamy Pogrebinschi and Melisa Ross27. Democratic innovations in Europe 404Brigitte Geissel28. Trends in democratic innovation in Asia 421Naoyuki Mikami29. Democratic innovation in Australasia 435Lucy Parry, Jane Alver and Nivek Thompson30. Local democratic innovations in Africa 449Isabel Ferreira and Giovanni AllegrettiSECTION VI RESEARCH METHODS FOR THE STUDY OFDEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS31. Quantitative methods in democratic innovation research 472Simon Beste and Dominik Wyss32. Qualitative approaches to democratic innovations 486Julien Talpin33. Mixed methods research in democratic innovation 501Oliver Escobar and Andrew Thompson34. Using experiments to study democratic innovations 515Kimmo Grönlund and Kaisa Herne35. From discourse quality index to deliberative transformative moments 527Maria Clara Jaramillo and Jürg Steiner36. Analysing deliberative transformation : a multi-level approach incorporatingQ methodology 540Simon Niemeyer37. Comparative approaches to the study of democratic innovation 558Matt RyanCONCLUDING CHAPTER38. Reflections on the theory and practice of democratic innovations 572Graham SmithIndex 583

'Stephen Elstub and Oliver Escobar have assembled an impressive lineup of established and emerging scholars to tell you just about everything you need to know about the state of democratic innovation, its importance, and its future prospects. An essential guide to this crucial and growing field.'--John S. Dryzek, University of Canberra, Australia'Around the world democracies are undergoing something of a renewal resulting in a proliferation of democratic innovations across the globe, Elstub and Escobar's Handbook is a timely and important contribution to the field across theory and practice. It will be an invaluable resource for researchers, practitioners, civil society activists and governments.'--Jane Suiter, Dublin City University, Ireland'At a time when our legacy institutions of representative democracy badly need supplementing so that the democratic project will continue to move forward, this volume impressively advances and consolidates the rapidly developing field of democratic innovations.'--Mark E. Warren, University of British Columbia, Canada

Edited by Stephen Elstub, Senior Lecturer in British Politics, Department of Politics, Newcastle University and Oliver Escobar, Senior Lecturer in Public Policy, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK

• ContentsIntroduction to the Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance :the field of democratic innovation 1Oliver Escobar and Stephen ElstubSECTION I TYPES OF DEMOCRATIC INNOVATION1. Defining and typologising democratic innovations 11Stephen Elstub and Oliver Escobar2. Democratic innovations and theories of democracy 32Ian O’Flynn3. Mini-publics: design choices and legitimacy 45Clodagh Harris4. Collaborative governance: between invited and invented spaces 60Sonia Bussu5. The long journey of participatory budgeting 77Ernesto Ganuza and Gianpaolo Baiocchi6. Referendums and citizens’ initiatives 90Maija Jäske and Maija Setälä7. Digital participation 105Hollie Russon Gilman and Tiago Carneiro PeixotoSECTION II DEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS ANDTHE DEMOCRATIC MALAISE8. Does political trust matter? 120Gerry Stoker and Mark Evans9. Accountability and democratic innovations 135Albert Weale10. Anti-politics and democratic innovation 148Matthew Flinders, Matthew Wood and Jack Corbett11. The impact of democratic innovations on citizens’ efficacy 161Paolo SpadaSECTION III ACTORS IN DEMOCRATIC INNOVATION12. Facilitators: the micropolitics of public participation and deliberation 178Oliver Escobar13. Consultants: the emerging participation industry 196Laurence Bherer and Caroline W. Lee14. Public servants in innovative democratic governance 209Wieke Blijleven, Merlijn van Hulst and Frank Hendriks15. Experts: the politics of evidence and expertise in democratic innovation 225Ruth Lightbody and Jennifer J. Roberts16. Advocates: interest groups, civil society organisations and democratic innovation 241Carolyn M. Hendriks17. The role of elected representatives in democratic innovations 255Nivek Thompson18. Journalists: the role of the media in democratic innovation 269Gianfranco PomattoSECTION IV DEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS IN POLICYAND GOVERNANCE19. Democratic innovations and the policy process 282Adrian Bua20. Democratic innovation in science and technology 297Sarah R. Davies21. Democratic innovation in social policy 310Rikki Dean22. Democratic innovation and environmental governance 324Jens Newig, Edward Challies and Nicolas W. Jager23. Democratic innovation in constitutional reform 339Ron Levy24. Democratic innovation in transnational and global governance 354Mikko Rask, Bjørn Bedsted, Edward Andersson and Liisa KallioSECTION V DEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS AROUND THE WORLD25. Democratic innovations in North America 371Christopher F. Karpowitz and Chad Raphael26. Democratic innovations in Latin America 389Thamy Pogrebinschi and Melisa Ross27. Democratic innovations in Europe 404Brigitte Geissel28. Trends in democratic innovation in Asia 421Naoyuki Mikami29. Democratic innovation in Australasia 435Lucy Parry, Jane Alver and Nivek Thompson30. Local democratic innovations in Africa 449Isabel Ferreira and Giovanni AllegrettiSECTION VI RESEARCH METHODS FOR THE STUDY OFDEMOCRATIC INNOVATIONS31. Quantitative methods in democratic innovation research 472Simon Beste and Dominik Wyss32. Qualitative approaches to democratic innovations 486Julien Talpin33. Mixed methods research in democratic innovation 501Oliver Escobar and Andrew Thompson34. Using experiments to study democratic innovations 515Kimmo Grönlund and Kaisa Herne35. From discourse quality index to deliberative transformative moments 527Maria Clara Jaramillo and Jürg Steiner36. Analysing deliberative transformation : a multi-level approach incorporatingQ methodology 540Simon Niemeyer37. Comparative approaches to the study of democratic innovation 558Matt RyanCONCLUDING CHAPTER38. Reflections on the theory and practice of democratic innovations 572Graham SmithIndex 583

'Stephen Elstub and Oliver Escobar have assembled an impressive lineup of established and emerging scholars to tell you just about everything you need to know about the state of democratic innovation, its importance, and its future prospects. An essential guide to this crucial and growing field.'--John S. Dryzek, University of Canberra, Australia'Around the world democracies are undergoing something of a renewal resulting in a proliferation of democratic innovations across the globe, Elstub and Escobar's Handbook is a timely and important contribution to the field across theory and practice. It will be an invaluable resource for researchers, practitioners, civil society activists and governments.'--Jane Suiter, Dublin City University, Ireland'At a time when our legacy institutions of representative democracy badly need supplementing so that the democratic project will continue to move forward, this volume impressively advances and consolidates the rapidly developing field of democratic innovations.'--Mark E. Warren, University of British Columbia, Canada