Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Biodegradable Materials

Vijay Kumar Thakur is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and gained his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and 33 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener.Manju Kumar Thakur has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has deep experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials. Michael R. Kessler is a Professor and Director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites. He has more than 150 journal articles and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented at least 200 talks at national and international meetings.

• Preface xix 1 Rice Husk and its Composites: Effects of Rice Husk Loading, Size, Coupling Agents, and Surface Treatment on Composites’ Mechanical, Physical, and Functional Properties 1A. Bilal, R.J.T. Lin and K. Jayaraman1.1 Introduction 11.2 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 31.3 Rice Husk and its Composites 51.4 Effects of Coupling Agents on the Properties of RH Composites 121.5 Summary 15References 162 Biodegradable Composites Based on Thermoplastic Starch and Talc Nanoparticles 23Luciana A. Castillo, Olivia V. López, M. Alejandra García, Marcelo A. Villar and Silvia E. Barbosa2.1 Introduction 232.2 Thermoplastic Starch-Talc Nanocomposites 272.3 Use of Talc Samples with Different Morphologies 402.4 Packaging Bags Based on TPS–Talc Nanocomposites Films 492.5 Conclusions 54References 543 Recent Progress in Biocomposite of Biodegradable Polymer 61Vicente de Oliveira Sousa Neto and Ronaldo Ferreira do Nascimento3.1 Introduction 613.2 Biodegradable Polymers: Natural Origin and Development 633.3 Polysaccharides 633.4 Chemical Synthesis Produced Polymer 773.5 Polyesters Produced by Microorganism or by Plants 833.6 Concluding Remarks 87References 884 Microbial Polyesters: Production and Market 95Neha Patni, Yug Saraswat and Shibu G. Pillai4.1 Introduction 954.2 Polyhydroxy Alkanoates 964.3 Bacterial Cellulose 1004.4 Polylactic Acid or Polylactide 1024.5 Polyglycolic Acid 1024.6 Brief Overview of the Local and World Scenario of Bioplastics 1034.7 Summary 103References 1045 Biodegradable and Bioabsorbable Materials for Osteosynthesis Applications: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives 109Sandra Carolina Cifuentes, Rosario Benavente, Marcela Lieblich and José Luis González-Carrasco5.1 Introduction 1095.2 State-of-the-Art 1115.3 Future Perspectives 1175.4 Conclusions 131References 1326 Biodegradable Polymers in Tissue Engineering 145Silvia Ioan and Luminita Ioana Buruiana6.1 Introduction 1456.2 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering 1466.3 Biocompatibility and Biodegradation of Polymer Networks 1476.4 Biomaterial Reaction to Foreign Bodies 1536.5 Design of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials 1546.6 Applications Potential of Polyurethanes in Engineering Tissues 1546.7 Application Potential of Polycarbonates 1606.8 Poly(amido Amine) 1646.9 Polyester Amine 1686.10 Polypyrrole-based Conducting Polymers 1726.11 Remarks and Future Directions 175Acknowledgment 176References 1767 Composites Based on Hydroxyapatite and Biodegradable Polylactide 183Pau Turon, Luís J. del Valle, Carlos Alemán and Jordi Puiggalí7.1 Introduction 1837.2 Bone Tissues and Mineralization Processes 1847.3 Polylactide and its Copolymers 1877.4 Calcium Phosphate Cements Reinforced with Polylactide Fibers 1887.5 Nanocomposites of Polylactide and Hydroxyapatite: Coupling Agents 1897.6 PLA/HAp Scaffolds for Tissue-Engineering Applications 1917.7 Scaffolds Constituted by Ternary Mixtures Including PLA and HAp 1987.8 Bioactive Molecules Loaded in PLA/HAp Scaffolds 2007.9 Hydrogels Incorporating PLA/HAp 2047.10 Conclusions 206References 2078 Biodegradable Composites: Properties and Uses 215Daniel Belchior Rocha and Derval dos Santos Rosa8.1 Introduction 2158.2 Biodegradable Polymers Applied in Composites 2178.3 Composites Using Matrices by Biomass Polymers 2208.4 Composites Using Matrices by Biopolymers Synthesized from Monomers 2308.5 Composites using matrices by biopolymers produced by microorganism 2398.6 Conclusion 241Acknowledgments 242References 2439 Development of Membranes from Biobased Materials and their Applications 251K. C. Khulbe and T. Matsuura9.1 Introduction 2519.2 Membranes from Biopolymer or Biomaterials 2539.3 Summary 274References 27510 Green Biodegradable Composites Based on Natural Fibers 283Magdalena Wróbel-Kwiatkowska, Mateusz Kropiwnicki and Waldemar Rymowicz10.1 Introduction 28310.2 Plant Fibers Composition 28410.3 Fiber Modifications 28510.4 Composites Based on Different Plant Fibers 28910.5 Future and Perspectives of Composites 29310.6 Conclusions 295References 29511 Fully Biodegradable All-Cellulose Composites 303Fabrizio Sarasini11.1 Introduction 30311.2 Self-Reinforced Composites 30511.3 All-Cellulose Composites 30611.4 Conclusions and Future Challenges 315References 31612 Natural Fiber Composites with Bioderivative and/or Degradable Polymers 323Kamila Salasinska and Joanna Ryszkowska12.1 Introduction 32312.2 Materials 32512.3 Methods for the Manufacture of Composites 32612.4 Research Methodology of Plant Component and Composites 32812.5 Test Results 33212.6 Comparison of the Properties of Composites with Different Types of Polymer Matrices 35012.7 Summary and Conclusive Statements 351Acknowledgments 352References 35213 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering 355Jiuhong Zhang, Zhiqiang Xie, Juan Yan and Jian Zhong13.1 Introduction 35513.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 35613.3 Physicochemical Characterizations of Polymeric Scaffolds 36313.4 Definition and Clinical Needs of Bone Tissue Engineering 36513.5 Application of Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers in Bone Tissue Engineering 36713.6 Summary 369Acknowledgments 370References 37014 Polysaccharides as Green Biodegradable Platforms for Building-up Electroactive Composite Materials: An Overview 377Fernanda F. Simas-Tosin, Aline Grein-Iankovski, Marcio Vidotti and Izabel C. Riegel-Vidotti14.1 Introduction 37714.2 Main Chemical and Physical Chemical Properties of the Polysaccharides Used in the Synthesis of Electroactive Composites 37914.3 Electroactive Materials 39414.4 Spectroscopic Characterization of Colloidal Gum Arabic/Polyaniline and Gum Arabic/Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) 40114.5 Polysaccharides/Conducting Polymer: Final overview 406References 40915 Biodegradable Polymer Blends and Composites from Seaweeds 419Yolanda Freile-Pelegrín and Tomás J. Madera-Santana15.1 Introduction 41915.2 Seaweed Resources: World Scenario 42015.3 Seaweed Polymers with Potential Materials Applications 42215.4 Potential Biopolymer Blends and Composites from Seaweeds 426References 43316 Biocomposite Scaffolds Derived from Renewable Resources for Bone Tissue Repair 439S. Dhivya and N. Selvamurugan16.1 Introduction 43916.2 Polysaccharide-Based Polymers 44016.3 Glycosaminoglycans 45516.4 Protein-Based Polymers 45916.5 Polyesters 46316.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 46516.7 Others 46616.8 Conclusions and Future Direction 467Acknowledgment 468Abbreviations 468References 47017 Pectin-based Composites 487Veronika Bátori, Dan Åkeson, Akram Zamani and Mohammad J. Taherzadeh17.1 Introduction 48717.2 Pectin 48817.3 Biosynthesis of Pectin Polymers during Cell Differentiation 49517.4 Production of Pectin 49517.5 Pectin-based Biocomposites 49917.6 Conclusions 513References 51318 Recent Advances in Conductive Composites Based on Biodegradable Polymers for Regenerative Medicine Applications 519Ilaria Armentano, Elena Fortunati, Luigi Torre and Josè Maria Kenny18.1 Introduction 51918.2 Regenerative Medicine 52018.3 Biodegradable Polymers 52118.4 Conductive Nanostructures 52418.5 Polymer Nanocomposite Approach 52618.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 535References 53619 Biosynthesis of PHAs and Their Biomedical Applications 543K.-S. Heng, Y.-F. Lee, L. Thinagaran, J.-Y. Chee, P. Murugan and K. Sudesh19.1 Introduction 54319.2 Genetic and Metabolic Pathway of PHA Production 54519.3 PHA Production from Sugars 54819.4 PHA Production from Oils 55419.5 Exploration and Application of PHAs as Biomaterials 56619.6 Future Perspectives 573Acknowledgments 574References 57420 Biodegradable Soy Protein Isolate/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Packaging Films 587Jun-Feng Su20.1 Introduction 58720.2 Experimental 58920.3 Results and Discussion 59720.4 Conclusion 620References 62121 Biodegradability of Biobased Polymeric Materials in Natural Environments 625Sudhakar Muniyasamy and Maya Jacob John21.1 Introduction 62521.2 Biobased Polymers from Renewable Resources 62921.3 Biodegradable and Compostable Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources 63221.4 Overview of Biodegradation Studies of Biobased Polymers in Different Environmental Conditions 64021.5 Biodegradation Mechanisms of Biobased Polymeric Materials 64521.6 Concluding Remarks 648References 649