Handbook of Bioplastics and Biocomposites Engineering Applications

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in the multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has published about 190 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his doctorate from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material. He also researches natural extracts and their application in the generation of value-added products such as nanomaterials.

• Preface xxiPart I: Bioplastics, Synthesis and Process Technology 11 An Introduction to Engineering Applications of Bioplastics 3Andreea Irina Barzic1.1 Introduction 31.2 Classification of Bioplastics 41.3 Physical Properties 51.3.1 Rheological Properties 51.3.2 Optical Properties 61.3.3 Mechanical and Thermal Properties 71.3.4 Electrical Properties 71.4 Applications of Bioplastics in Engineering 81.4.1 Bioplastics Applications in Sensors 81.4.2 Bioplastics Applications in Energy Sector 101.4.3 Bioplastics Applications in Bioengineering 121.4.4 Bioplastics Applications in “Green” Electronics 131.5 Conclusions 16Acknowledgement 17Dedication 17References 172 Biobased Materials: Types and Sources 23Kushairi Mohd Salleh, Amalia Zulkifli, Nyak Syazwani Nyak Mazlan and Sarani Zakaria2.1 Introduction 232.2 Biodegradable Biobased Material 252.2.1 Polysaccharides 252.2.2 Starch 262.2.3 Polylactic Acid 282.2.4 Cellulose 292.2.5 Esters 302.2.6 Ether 312.2.7 Chitosan 322.2.8 Alginate 332.2.9 Proteins 352.2.10 Gluten 362.2.11 Gelatine 372.2.12 Casein 382.2.13 Lipid 392.2.14 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 402.3 Nonbiodegradable Biobased Material 412.3.1 Polyethylene (PE) 412.3.2 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 422.3.3 Polyamide (PA) 432.4 Conclusion 44Acknowledgment 45References 453 Bioplastic From Renewable Biomass 49N.B. Singh, Anindita De, Saroj K. Shukla and Mridula Guin3.1 Introduction 493.2 Plastics and Bioplastics 503.2.1 Plastics 503.2.2 Bioplastics 513.3 Classification of Bioplastics 513.4 Bioplastic Production 533.4.1 Biowaste to Bioplastic 533.4.1.1 Lipid Rich Waste 533.4.2 Milk Industry Waste 543.4.3 Sugar Industry Waste 543.4.4 Spent Coffee Beans Waste 553.4.5 Bioplastic Agro-Forestry Residue 553.4.6 Bioplastic from Microorganism 563.4.7 Biomass-Based Polymers 573.4.7.1 Biomass-Based Monomers for Polymerization Process 573.5 Characterization of Bioplastics 583.6 Applications of Bioplastics 603.6.1 Food Packaging 603.6.2 Agricultural Applications 603.6.3 Biomedical Applications 633.7 Bioplastic Waste Management Strategies 653.7.1 Recycling of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) 653.7.1.1 Mechanical Recycling of PLA 653.7.1.2 Chemical Recycling of PLA 653.7.2 Recycling of Poly Hydroxy Alkanoates (PHAs) 673.7.3 Landfill 683.7.4 Incineration 683.7.5 Composting 683.7.6 Anaerobic Digestion 683.7.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion of Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) 693.7.6.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Poly(Lactic Acid) 693.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 70References 714 Modeling of Natural Fiber-Based Biocomposites 81Fatima-Zahra Semlali Aouragh Hassani, Mounir El Achaby, Abou el Kacem Qaiss and Rachid Bouhfid4.1 Introduction 814.2 Generality of Biocomposites 824.2.1 Natural Matrix 834.2.2 Natural Reinforcement 844.2.3 Natural Fiber Classification 844.2.4 Biocomposites Processing 854.2.4.1 Extrusion and Injection 854.2.4.2 Compression Molding 864.2.5 RTM-Resin Transfer Molding 864.2.6 Hand Lay-Up Technique 864.3 Parameters Affecting the Biocomposites Properties 874.3.1 Fiber’s Aspect Ratio 874.3.2 Fiber/Matrix Interfacial Adhesion 884.3.3 Fibers Orientation and Dispersion 894.3.3.1 Short Fibers Orientation 894.3.3.2 Fiber’s Orientation in Simple Shear Flow 904.3.3.3 Fiber’s Orientation in Elongational Flow 904.4 Process Molding of Biocomposites 924.4.1 Unidirectional Fibers 934.4.1.1 Classical Laminate Theory 934.4.1.2 Rule of Mixture 934.4.1.3 Halpin-Tsai Model 954.4.1.4 Hui-Shia Model 954.4.2 Random Fibers 964.4.2.1 Hirsch Model 964.4.2.2 Self-Consistent Approach (Modified Hirsch Model) 974.4.2.3 Tsai-Pagano Model 974.5 Conclusion 97References 985 Process Modeling in Biocomposites 103Joy Hoskeri H., Nivedita Pujari S. and Arun K. Shettar5.1 Introduction 1035.2 Biopolymer Composites 1045.2.1 Natural Fiber-Based Biopolymer Composites 1045.2.2 Applications of Biopolymer Composites 1055.2.3 Properties of Biopolymer Composites 1075.3 Classification of Biocomposites 1085.3.1 PLA Biocomposites 1095.3.2 Nanobiocomposites 1095.3.3 Hybrid Biocomposites 1095.3.4 Natural Fiber-Based Composites 1095.4 Process Modeling of Biocomposite Models 1105.4.1 Compression Moulding 1105.4.2 Injection Moulding 1115.4.3 Extrusion Method 1125.5 Formulation of Models 1125.5.1 Types of Model 1135.6 Conclusion 113References 1156 Microbial Technology in Bioplastic Production and Engineering 121Dileep Francis and Deepu Joy Parayil6.1 Introduction 1216.2 Fundamental Principles of Microbial Bioplastic Production 1236.3 Bioplastics Obtained Directly from Microorganisms 1256.3.1 Pha 1256.3.2 Poly (γ-Glutamic Acid) (PGA) 1296.4 Bioplastics from Microbial Monomers 1306.4.1 Bioplastics from Aliphatic Monomers 1306.4.1.1 Pla 1306.4.1.2 Poly (Butylene Succinate) 1336.4.1.3 Biopolyamides (Nylons) 1346.4.1.4 1, 3-Propanediol (PDO) 1376.4.2 Bioplastics from Aromatic Monomers 1376.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioplastic Production 1386.6 Conclusion 140References 1407 Synthesis of Green Bioplastics 149J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão and I. Cansado7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Bioplastic 1507.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 1507.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 1517.2.3 Cellulose 1527.2.4 Starch 1537.3 Renewable Raw Material to Produce Bioplastic 1537.3.1 Raw Material from Agriculture 1537.3.2 Organic Waste as Resources for Bioplastic Production 1537.3.3 Algae as Resources for Bioplastic Production 1537.3.4 Wastewater as Resources for Bioplastic Production 1547.4 Bioplastics Applications 1557.4.1 Food Industry 1557.4.2 Agricultural Applications 1567.4.3 Medical Applications 1567.4.4 Other Applications 1567.5 Conclusions 156References 1578 Natural Oil-Based Sustainable Materials for a Green Strategy 161Figen Balo, Berrak Aksakal , Lutfu S. Sua and Zeliha Mahmat8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Methodology 1648.2.1 Entropy Methodology 1658.2.2 Copras Methodology 1678.3 Conclusions 171References 172Part II: Applications of Bioplastics in Health and Hygiene 1759 Biomedical Applications of Bioplastics 177Syed Tareq, Jaison Jeevanandam, Caleb Acquah and Michael K. Danquah9.1 Introduction 1779.2 Synthesis of Bioplastics 1809.2.1 Starch-Based Bioplastics 1819.2.2 Cellulose-Based Bioplastics 1819.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan 1819.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 1819.2.5 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 1829.2.6 Bioplastics from Microalgae 1829.3 Properties of Bioplastics 1839.3.1 Material Strength 1839.3.2 Electrical, Mechanical, and Optical Behavior of Bioplastic 1849.4 Biological Properties of Bioplastics 1849.5 Biomedical Applications of Bioplastics 1859.5.1 Antimicrobial Property 1859.5.2 Biocontrol Agents 1879.5.3 Pharmaceutical Applications of Bioplastics 1879.5.4 Implantation 1889.5.5 Tissue Engineering Applications 1899.5.6 Memory Enhancer 1899.6 Limitations 1909.7 Conclusion 191References 19110 Applications of Bioplastics in Hygiene Cosmetic 199Anuradha and Jagvir Singh10.1 Introduction 19910.2 The Need to Find an Alternative to Plastic 20010.3 Bioplastics 20110.3.1 Characteristic of Bioplastics 20110.3.2 Types (Classification) 20210.3.3 Uses of Bioplastics 20210.4 Resources of Bioplastic 20210.4.1 Polysaccharides 20210.4.2 Starch or Amylum 20210.4.3 Cellulose 20310.4.3.1 Source of Cellulose 20410.5 Use of Biodegradable Materials in Packaging 20410.6 Bionanocomposite 20410.7 Hygiene Cosmetic Packaging 20610.8 Conclusion 206References 20711 Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery 211Ariane Regina Souza Rossin, Fabiana Cardoso Lima, Camila Cassia Cordeiro, Erica Fernanda Poruczinski, Josiane Caetano and Douglas Cardoso Dragunski11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Biodegradable Polymer (BP) 21211.2.1 Natural 21211.2.1.1 Polysaccharides 21311.2.1.2 Proteins 21411.2.2 Synthetic 21411.2.2.1 Polyesters 21511.2.2.2 Polyanhydrides 21511.2.2.3 Polycarbonates 21611.2.2.4 Polyphosphazenes 21611.2.2.5 Polyurethanes 21611.3 Device Types 21711.3.1 Three-Dimensional Printing Devices 21711.3.1.1 Implants 21711.3.1.2 Tablets 21711.3.1.3 Microneedles 21811.3.1.4 Nanofibers 21811.3.2 Nanocarriers 21811.3.2.1 Nanoparticles 21811.3.2.2 Dendrimers 21911.3.2.3 Hydrogels 21911.4 Applications 21911.4.1 Intravenous 21911.4.2 Transdermal 22011.4.3 Oral 22111.4.4 Ocular 22111.5 Existing Materials in the Market 22111.6 Conclusions and Future Projections 222References 22312 Microorganism-Derived Bioplastics for Clinical Applications 229Namrata Sangwan, Arushi Chauhan, Jitender Singh and Pramod K. Avti12.1 Introduction 22912.2 Types of Bioplastics 23112.2.1 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) 23112.2.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate 23212.2.3 Poly-Lactic Acid 23312.2.4 Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) 23412.2.5 Poly (ԑ-caprolactone) (PCL) 23512.3 Properties of Bioplastics 23512.3.1 Physiochemical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Bioplastics 23612.3.1.1 Polylactic Acid 23612.3.1.2 Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid 23612.3.1.3 Polycaprolactone 23712.3.1.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 23712.3.1.5 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 23812.4 Applications 23812.4.1 Tissue Engineering 23812.4.2 Drug Delivery System 24012.4.3 Implants and Prostheses 24212.5 Conclusion 244References 24513 Biomedical Applications of Biocomposites Derived From Cellulose 251Subhajit Kundu, Debarati Mitra and Mahuya Das13.1 Introduction 25113.2 Importance of Cellulose in the Field of Biocomposite 25213.3 Classification of Cellulose 25213.4 Synthesis of Cellulose in Different Form 25313.4.1 Mechanical Extraction 25313.4.2 Electrochemical Method 25413.4.3 Chemical Extraction 25413.4.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 25413.4.5 Bacterial Production of Cellulose 25613.5 Formation of Biocomposite Using Different Form of Cellulose 25613.6 Biocomposites Derived from Cellulose and Their Application 25813.6.1 Tissue Engineering 25913.6.2 Wound Dressing 26013.6.3 Drug Delivery 26213.6.4 Dental Applications 26313.6.5 Other Applications 26413.7 Conclusion 265References 26614 Biobased Materials for Biomedical Engineering 275Ioana Duceac, Fulga Tanasă, Mărioara Nechifor and Carmen-Alice Teacă14.1 Introduction 27514.2 Biomaterials 27714.3 Biobased Materials for Implants and Tissue Engineering 27914.3.1 Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Dressings 28014.3.2 Bone Tissue Engineering 28214.3.3 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 28414.3.4 Ligament and Tendon Implants and Tissue Engineering 28514.3.5 Cardiovascular Implants and Tissue Engineering 28514.3.5.1 Valve Implants 28514.3.5.2 Artificial Heart/Cardiac Patches 28614.3.5.3 Vascular Grafts and TE 28614.3.6 Liver Tissue Engineering and Bioreactors 28714.3.7 Kidney Tissue Engineering and Dialysis Devices 28814.3.8 Nervous Tissue Engineering and Implants 28814.4 Auxiliary Materials 28914.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 291References 29215 Applications of Bioplastics in Sports and Leisure 299Radhika Malkar, Sneha Kagale, Sakshi Chavan, Manishkumar Tiwari and Pravin Patil15.1 Introduction 29915.1.1 Plastic Pollution Due to Leisure and Sports Industries 30015.1.2 Bioplastics: Overview and Classification 30115.1.2.1 Biobased Nonbiodegradable 30215.1.2.2 Biobased, Biodegradable 30315.1.2.3 Fossil-Based, Biodegradable 30415.2 Bioplastic in Leisure 30515.2.1 Camping 30515.2.2 Eyewear 30515.2.3 Toys 30615.2.4 Electronic Equipment and Other 30715.3 Bioplastic in Sports 30715.3.1 Shoes and Sneakers 30715.3.2 Ski Boots 30815.3.3 Snow Goggles 30915.3.4 Surfboards and Surfskates 30915.3.5 Sportscar 30915.3.6 Football, Baseball, Basketball, Soccer Ball, and Volleyball 31015.3.7 Hockey 31115.4 Conclusion 312References 31216 Biocomposites in Active and Intelligent Food Packaging Applications 317Ru Wei Teoh, Yin Yin Thoo and Adeline Su Yien Ting16.1 Introduction 31716.2 Advances in Biocomposite Application in Active and Intelligent Food Packaging 31916.2.1 Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties in Active Food Packaging 31916.2.2 Gaseous Scavenging Activity in Active Food Packaging 32016.2.3 Freshness and Food Quality Detection in Intelligent Food Packaging 32116.3 Biocomposites Incorporated with Natural Compounds 32216.3.1 Plant Extracts 32316.3.2 Essential Oils 32716.3.3 Enzymes and Bacteriocins 33316.3.4 Challenges in Food Packaging Applications of Biocomposites Integrated With Natural Compounds 33316.4 Biocomposites Incorporated with Inorganic Materials 33716.4.1 Metal Compounds 33716.4.2 Clay and Silicate-Based Mineral Compounds 34016.4.3 Challenges in Food Packaging Applications of Biocomposites Integrated with Inorganic Materials 34416.5 Biocomposites Incorporated with Natural Food Colorants and Pigments 34416.5.1 Intelligent Food Packaging with Natural Food Colorants and Pigments 34716.5.2 Potential of Natural Food Colorants and Pigments as Active and Intelligent Food Packaging 34716.5.3 Challenges in Food Packaging Applications of Biocomposites Integrated with Natural Food Colorants and Pigments 34816.6 Conclusion 348References 34917 Biofoams for Packaging Applications 361Vinod V.T. Padil17.1 Introduction 36117.2 Biofoams from Botanical and Plant Sources 36217.3 Starch and Their Blends 36317.4 Cellulose-Based Biofoams for Packaging Application 36517.5 Packaging Foams from Animal-Based Polysaccharides 36517.6 Seaweed-Based Biofoams 36617.7 Polylactic Acid 36717.8 Tree Gum-Based Foams 36817.9 Karaya Gum-Based Foams 36917.10 Kondagogu Gum-Based Foams 37017.11 Microbial Gum-Based Packaging Foams 37117.12 Conclusion and Outlooks 375References 37518 Biobased and Biodegradable Packaging Plastics for Food Preservation 383Carolina Caicedo, Alma Berenice Jasso-Salcedo, Lluvia de Abril Alexandra Soriano-Melgar, Claudio Alonso Díaz-Cruz, Enrique Javier Jiménez-Regalado and Rocio Yaneli Aguirre-Loredo18.1 Introduction 38318.2 Sources for Obtaining Polymers 38418.2.1 Polymers Extracted from Natural Sources 38418.2.2 Biopolymers Synthesized by Microorganisms 39118.2.3 Biopolymers Obtained by Chemical Synthesis 39418.3 Additives in Packaging Materials 39518.3.1 Natural Origin 39518.3.2 Synthetic Origin 39818.4 Active Packaging 39818.4.1 Antioxidants in Biobased Active Packaging 39918.4.2 Active Packaging Biobased with Antimicrobial Agents 40118.5 Smart Packaging 40518.5.1 Indicators 40518.5.2 Biosensors 40518.6 Functional Properties of Biobased Packaging and Their Effect on Food Preservation 40618.6.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties 40618.6.2 Susceptibility to Moisture 40718.6.3 Gas Barrier 40818.7 Current State of the Biobased Packaging Market 41018.8 Prospects for Food Packaging and the Use of Biobased Materials 412References 41219 Bioplastics-Based Nanocomposites for Packaging Applications 425Xiaoying Zhao and Yael Vodovotz19.1 Introduction 42519.2 Bioplastic-Based Nanocomposites 42819.2.1 PLA Bionanocomposites 42819.2.2 PHA Bionanocomposites 43019.2.3 Starch Bionanocomposites 43219.2.4 PBS Bionanocomposites 43419.3 Packaging Applications 43619.4 Safety Issue and Regulations 43719.5 Conclusions 438References 43920 Applications of Bioplastics in Disposable Products 445Mahrukh Aslam, Habibullah Nadeem, Farrukh Azeem, Muhammad Zubair, Ijaz Rasul, Saima Muzammil, Muhammad Afzal and Muhammad Hussnain Siddique20.1 Introduction 44520.2 Plastics vs Bioplastics 44620.2.1 Minimum Utilization of Energy 44720.2.2 Reduction of Carbon Footprint 44720.2.3 Environment Friendly 44720.2.4 Littering Minimization 44720.2.5 Not Usage of Crude Oil 44720.3 Types of Bioplastics 44720.3.1 Starch-Based 44720.3.2 Cellulose-Based 44820.3.3 Protein-Based 44820.3.4 Bioderived Polyethylene 44820.3.5 Aliphatic Polyesters 44920.4 Applications of Bioplast 44920.4.1 Medical Applications 44920.4.2 Wound Dressing Application 44920.4.3 Drug Delivery Application 45020.4.4 Agricultural Applications 45020.4.5 3D Printing 45020.4.6 Applications in Packaging Industry 45120.4.7 Bioremediation Applications 45220.4.8 Biofuel Applications 45220.5 Conclusion 453References 45321 Bioplastic-Based Nanocomposites for Smart Materials 457Marya Raji, Abdellah Halloub, Abou el Kacem Qaiss and Rachid Bouhfid21.1 Introduction 45721.2 Biopolymer 45821.2.1 Natural Polymers 45821.2.2 Synthetic Polymers 46021.3 Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites 46121.4 Bioplastics-Based Nanocomposites for Smart Materials 46321.5 Physical Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymer 46421.6 Chemical Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymers 46421.7 Biological Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymers 46521.8 Conclusion 466References 467Part III: Industrial Application, Sustainability and Recycling of Bioplastics 47122 Applications of Biobased Composites in Optical Devices 473Reshmy R., Vaisakh P.H., Eapen Philip, Parameswaran Binod, Aravind Madavan, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Ashok Pandey and Raveendran Sindhu22.1 Introduction 47322.2 Characteristics and Advantages of Biobased Composites in Optical Devices 47522.3 Polysaccharide-Based Biocomposite 47722.3.1 Cellulose 47822.3.2 Chitin 48022.3.3 Alginate 48122.4 Protein-Based Biocomposite 48122.4.1 Silk 48222.4.2 Collagen 48322.4.3 Gelatin 48322.5 Polynucleotides and Carbonized-Based Biocomposite 48422.5.1 DNA Origami 48422.5.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 48622.6 Future Trends and Perspective 48722.7 Conclusion 487References 48823 Biocomposites and Bioplastics in Electrochemical Applications 491Sema Aslan and Derya Bal Altuntaş23.1 Introduction 49123.2 Electrochemistry 49223.2.1 General Aspects 49223.3 Nanomaterials in Biocomposite Applications 49223.4 Electrochemical Applications 49323.4.1 Biosensors 49323.4.2 Sensors 50123.4.3 Corrosion 50223.4.4 Energy Applications 50323.5 Conclusion 506References 50724 Biofibers and Their Composites for Industrial Applications 513Meshude Akbulut Söylemez, Kemal Özer and Demet Ozer24.1 Introduction 51324.2 Types of Biofibers 51424.2.1 Seed Fibers 51624.2.2 Leaf Fibers 51824.2.3 Bast Fibers 51924.2.4 Stalk Fibers 52124.3 Chemical and Physical Modification of Biofibers as Reinforcing Materials for Biocomposites 52124.3.1 Chemical Treatment Processes 52224.3.1.1 Alkalization 52224.3.1.2 Silanization 52324.3.1.3 Acetylation 52524.3.1.4 Benzoylation 52724.3.2 Physical Treatment Processes 52724.3.2.1 Plasma Treatment 52724.3.2.2 Ultrasound Treatment 52824.3.2.3 Ultraviolet Treatment 52924.4 Biofiber Composites for Industrial Applications 52924.5 Challenges and Perspectives for Future Research 53224.6 Conclusion 533References 53425 Bioplastics and Biocomposites in Flame-Retardant Applications 539L. Magunga, M. Mohapi, A. Kaleni, S. Magagula, M.J. Mochane and M.T. Motloung25.1 Introduction 53925.2 A Brief Introduction to Bioplastics and Biocomposites 54125.3 Flame Retardants Used in Polymer Materials 54525.4 Action Mechanisms of Flame Retardants 55425.4.1 Char-Formation 55625.4.2 Inet Gas 55625.4.3 Contact of Chemicals 55725.4.4 Restriction of Vapor Phase Burning 55725.5 Compatibility of Flame Retardants With Polymer Matrices 55725.6 Preparation of Flame-Retardant Biocomposites and Bioplastics 55925.7 Applications of Flame-Retardant Bioplastics and Biocomposites 56125.8 Conclusions 566Acknowledgements 567References 56726 Biobased Thermosets for Engineering Applications 575Bhargavi Koneru, Jhilmil Swapnalin, Hanumanthrayappa Manjunatha and Prasun Banerjee26.1 Introduction 57526.2 Sustainable Covalently Bonded Polyamides are Produced by Polycondensing a Naturally Present Functionalized Carboxyl Group (Citric Acid) with 1, 8-Octane Diol 57626.3 Biodegradable Crosslinked Polyesters by Polycondensation of a Naturally Occurring Citric Acid and Glycerol 57726.4 Sugar-Based Lactones to Produce Degradable Dimethacrylates 57826.5 Water Facilitated, Naturally Produced Difunctional or Trifunctional Carboxyl Groups and Epoxidized Sucrose Soyate Are Made (With Sugars and Soybean Oil Lipids) 58026.5.1 Learning More About the Significance of Water in the Curing Process 58026.6 Isosorbide Was Employed as a Bridge in an Adhesive System After Being Introduced Into a Carbonyl Group 58126.7 Thermoplastic Polymers Based on a Spiro Diacetyl Trigger Generated From Lignin 58326.8 Properties of Epoxy Resin Thermosets With Acetal Addition 58326.8.1 Mechanical Properties 58326.8.2 Thermal Properties 58326.9 Conclusions 584Acknowledgements 584References 58427 Public Attitude Toward Recycling Routes of Bioplastics—Knowledge on Sustainable Purchase 589Farhan Shaikh and Sunny Kumar27.1 Introduction 58927.2 Production of Plastics 59027.3 Application of Bioplastics 59127.4 Recycle Route of Bioplastics 59227.5 Public Contribution of Recycling 59227.6 Awareness of Sustainable Purchase 59627.7 Conclusion 598References 59928 Applications of Bioplastic in Composting Bags and Planting Pots 605Sonica Sondhi28.1 Introduction 60528.2 Biodegradable Pots (Biopots) 60728.2.1 Plantable Pots 60828.2.2 Composting Bags 60828.3 Biodegradable Planting Pots 60928.3.1 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Pressed Fibers 60928.3.2 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Bioplastics 61028.3.3 Biopots Based on Industry and Agriculture 61128.4 Growth and Quality of Plants in Biopots 61328.5 Future Trends and Challenges 61428.6 Conclusion 614References 61529 Bioplastics, Biocomposites and Biobased Polymers—Applications and Innovative Approaches for Sustainability 619V. P. Sharma, Anurag Singh, Neha Srivastava, Prachi Srivastava and Inamuddin29.1 Introduction 62029.2 Characteristics of Biobased Polymers 62129.3 Biobased Polymers and Bioplastics Sustainability 62129.4 Biodegradation and Standardization of Bioplastics and Biobased Polymers 62229.4.1 Standard EN 13432 62229.4.2 Standards for Oxodegradation 62229.4.3 Australasian Bioplastics Association 62329.4.4 Australian Packaging Covenant Organization 62329.5 Application of Bioplastics, Biocomposites, and Biobased Polymers 62329.5.1 Application in Medicine 62329.5.2 Application in Packaging 62429.5.3 Application in Agriculture 62429.5.4 Other Applications 62529.6 Conclusion 625References 62630 Recycling of Bioplastics: Mechanism and Economic Benefits 629Nadia Akram, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Usman, Tanveer Hussain Bokhari, Akbar Ali and Zunaira Shafiq30.1 Overview of Popular Bioplastics 62930.1.1 Starch-Based Bioplastics 63030.1.2 Cellulose-Based Bioplastic 63130.1.3 Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Based Bioplastics 63130.1.4 Polyhydroxy Alkanoate-Based Bioplastics (PHA) 63130.1.5 Organic Polyethylene 63230.1.6 Protein-Based Bioplastics 63230.1.7 Drop-In Bioplastics 63230.1.8 Fossil Fuel-Based Bioplastics 63230.2 Recycling of Bioplastics 63330.2.1 Background of Bioplastics Recycling 63330.2.2 Options of Recycling 63430.2.3 Generation of Energy From Recycling Process 63430.3 Types of Recycling 63630.3.1 Mechanical Recycling 63630.3.1.1 Method of Mechanical Recycling 63630.3.1.2 Mechanical Recycling Mechanism 63630.3.1.3 Mechanical Recycling in Landscape 63730.3.1.4 Sorting 63730.3.2 Chemical Recycling 63830.3.2.1 Solvent Purification 63830.3.2.2 Chemical Depolymerization 63830.3.2.3 Thermal Depolymerization 63930.3.2.4 Benefits of Chemical Recycling 63930.3.3 Textile Fibers Recycling Through MR or CR 63930.3.4 Recycled Polyester From Plastic Bottles 63930.3.5 Significance of Recycling 64030.3.5.1 Significance of MR 64030.3.5.2 Significance of CR 64130.4 Economic Aspects of Bioplastic Recycling Industry 64130.4.1 New Market and Economic Benefits 64230.4.2 Disadvantages of Biodegradable Plastics for Economy 64330.4.2.1 Usage of Specific Disposal Procedure 64330.4.2.2 Metallic Contamination 64330.4.2.3 Environmental Cooperation for Disposal 64430.4.2.4 High Capital Cost 64430.4.2.5 Usage of Cropland to Produce Items 64430.4.2.6 Marine Pollution Problems 64430.4.2.7 Guarantee of Net Savings 64430.5 Conclusion 645References 645Index 649