Wayne E. Wright is Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, Professor, and Barbara I. Cook Chair of Literacy and Language in the College of Education at Purdue University. He is Co-Editor of the Journal of Language, Identity and Education, and Editor of the Journal of Southeast Asian American Education and Advancement. His most recent books are the 6th edition of Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (with Colin Baker, 2017), and the 2nd edition of Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners: Research, Theory, Policy, & Practice (2015).Sovicheth Boun is Assistant Professor of ESL and Literacy in the Department of Secondary and Higher Education at Salem State University. His research interests include bi-/multilingual education and policies (in both Cambodia and the U.S.), language ideologies, language teacher identities, and K-12 schooling experiences of Southeast Asian American students.Ofelia García is Professor in the Ph.D. programs in Urban Education and Hispanic and Luso Brazilian Literatures and Languages at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She has been Professor of Bilingual Education at Columbia University's Teachers College, and at The City College of New York; and has been Dean of the School of Education at the Brooklyn Campus of Long Island University. García has published widely in the areas of sociology of language, language policy, bilingualism, and bilingual education. She is the General Editor of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language and the co-editor of Language Policy (with H. Kelly-Holmes).

• Acknowledgments xiNotes on Contributors xiii1 Introduction: Key Concepts and Issues in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 1Wayne E. Wright, Sovicheth Boun, and Ofelia GarcíaSection 1 Foundations for Bilingual and Multilingual Education 172 Egalitarian Bi/multilingualism and Trans-semiotizing in a Global World 19Angel Lin3 Bilingualism and Creativity: An Educational Perspective 38Anatoliy V. Kharkhurin4 Language Acquisition in Bilingual Education 56Guadalupe Valdés, Luis Poza, and Maneka Deanna Brooks5 Literacy in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 75Viv Edwards6 Culture in Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Conflict, Struggle, and Power 92Laura A. Valdiviezo and Sonia Nieto7 A Synthesis of Research on Bilingual and Multilingual Education 109Colin Baker and Gwyn Lewis8 Researching Bilingual and Multilingual Education Multilingually: A Linguistic Ethnographic Approach 127Angela Creese, Adrian Blackledge, with Arvind Bhatt, Carla Jonsson, Kasper Juffermans, Jinling Li, Peter Martin, Anu Muhonen, and Jaspreet Kaur Takhi9 Intersections of Language Ideology, Power, and Identity: Bilingual Education and Indigenous LanguageRevitalization in French Polynesia 145Mirose Paia, Jim Cummins, Isabelle Nocus, Marie Salaün, and Jacques Vernaudon10 Language Policy and Planning in Education 164Terrence G. Wiley11 Language Rights 185Tove Skutnabb-KangasSection 2 Pedagogical Issues and Practices in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 203Practices and Pedagogies for Bilingualism and Multilingualism 20312 Programs and Structures in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 205Nelson Flores and Hugo Baetens Beardsmore13 Translanguaging, Bilingualism, and Bilingual Education 223Ofelia García and Li Wei14 Multiliteracies, Pedagogies, and Academic Literacy 241Madhav Kafle and Suresh Canagarajah15 Language Assessment: Past to Present Misuses and Future Possibilities 253Elana Shohamy and Kate Menken16 Teacher Education and Support 270Anne-Marie de Mejía and Christine Hélot17 Parent and Community Involvement in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 282M. Beatriz AriasSchool Levels and Special Populations 29918 Early Childhood Education and Dual Language Learners 301Eugene E. García and Amy M. Markos19 Primary School Bilingual Education: Pedagogical Issues and Practices 319María Estela Brisk, Ester J. de Jong, and Meredith C. Moore20 Secondary Bilingual Education: Cutting the Gordian Knot 336Christian Faltis and Frank Ramirez-Marín21 Bi/Multilingual Higher Education: Perspectives and Practices 354Christa van der Walt22 Bilingual Education and Students with Dis/Abilities and Exceptionalities 372Teddi Beam-Conroy and Patricia Alvarez McHatton23 Bilingual Deaf Education 391Timothy Reagan24 Bilingual-Multilingual Education and Indigenous Peoples 409Tiffany S. Lee and Teresa L. McCarty25 Nonformal Bilingual Education 428Lesley Bartlett and Monisha BajajSection 3 Global Dimensions of Bilingual and Multilingual Education 44726 A Dual Language Revolution in the United States? On the Bumpy Road from Compensatory to Enrichment Education for Bilingual Children in Texas 449Deborah K. Palmer, Christian E. Zuñiga, and Kathryn Henderson27 Global Dimensions of Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Canada 461Thomas Ricento28 Minority Languages, State Languages, and English in European Education 473Jasone Cenoz and Durk Gorter29 Contested Notions of Bilingualism and Trilingualism in the People’s Republic of China 484Anwei Feng and Bob Adamson30 Bilingual Education in Japan: Slow but Steady Progress 495Akie Tomozawa and Junko Majima31 Breaking the Façade of Linguistic and Cultural Homogeneity: Education for Multicultural Children in South Korea 506Jin Sook Lee32 Striving for Education for All through Bilingual Education in Cambodia 517Wayne E. Wright and Sovicheth Boun33 Bilingual and Multilingual Education in Brunei and Malaysia: Policies and Practices 531Gary M. Jones34 Multilingual Education in South Asia: The Burden of the Double Divide 542Minati Panda and Ajit K. Mohanty35 “Too Many Cooks Spoil the Broth”: Tension and Conflict between Language Institutions in South Africa 554Sinfree Makoni and Busi Makoni36 A Panoramic View of Bilingual Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Reorienting the Lens for the Future 566Leketi Makalela37 Language Education in Mexico: Access, Equity, and Ideology 578Peter Sayer and Mario López Gopar38 Indigenous Youth and Adult Education in Latin America 592Luis Enrique López39 Multilingual Education across Oceania 604Joseph Lo Bianco40 Language, Conflict, and Social Change: Arabic Bilingual Education in the Middle East and North Africa 618Zeena Zakharia41 Bilingual and Multilingual Education in the Former Soviet Republics: The Case of Latvia 632Gatis Dilans and Brigita ZepaIndex 645

Wayne E. Wright is Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, Professor, and Barbara I. Cook Chair of Literacy and Language in the College of Education at Purdue University. He is Co-Editor of the Journal of Language, Identity and Education, and Editor of the Journal of Southeast Asian American Education and Advancement. His most recent books are the 6th edition of Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (with Colin Baker, 2017), and the 2nd edition of Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners: Research, Theory, Policy, & Practice (2015).Sovicheth Boun is Assistant Professor of ESL and Literacy in the Department of Secondary and Higher Education at Salem State University. His research interests include bi-/multilingual education and policies (in both Cambodia and the U.S.), language ideologies, language teacher identities, and K-12 schooling experiences of Southeast Asian American students.Ofelia García is Professor in the Ph.D. programs in Urban Education and Hispanic and Luso Brazilian Literatures and Languages at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She has been Professor of Bilingual Education at Columbia University's Teachers College, and at The City College of New York; and has been Dean of the School of Education at the Brooklyn Campus of Long Island University. García has published widely in the areas of sociology of language, language policy, bilingualism, and bilingual education. She is the General Editor of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language and the co-editor of Language Policy (with H. Kelly-Holmes).

• Acknowledgments xiNotes on Contributors xiii1 Introduction: Key Concepts and Issues in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 1Wayne E. Wright, Sovicheth Boun, and Ofelia GarcíaSection 1 Foundations for Bilingual and Multilingual Education 172 Egalitarian Bi/multilingualism and Trans-semiotizing in a Global World 19Angel Lin3 Bilingualism and Creativity: An Educational Perspective 38Anatoliy V. Kharkhurin4 Language Acquisition in Bilingual Education 56Guadalupe Valdés, Luis Poza, and Maneka Deanna Brooks5 Literacy in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 75Viv Edwards6 Culture in Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Conflict, Struggle, and Power 92Laura A. Valdiviezo and Sonia Nieto7 A Synthesis of Research on Bilingual and Multilingual Education 109Colin Baker and Gwyn Lewis8 Researching Bilingual and Multilingual Education Multilingually: A Linguistic Ethnographic Approach 127Angela Creese, Adrian Blackledge, with Arvind Bhatt, Carla Jonsson, Kasper Juffermans, Jinling Li, Peter Martin, Anu Muhonen, and Jaspreet Kaur Takhi9 Intersections of Language Ideology, Power, and Identity: Bilingual Education and Indigenous LanguageRevitalization in French Polynesia 145Mirose Paia, Jim Cummins, Isabelle Nocus, Marie Salaün, and Jacques Vernaudon10 Language Policy and Planning in Education 164Terrence G. Wiley11 Language Rights 185Tove Skutnabb-KangasSection 2 Pedagogical Issues and Practices in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 203Practices and Pedagogies for Bilingualism and Multilingualism 20312 Programs and Structures in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 205Nelson Flores and Hugo Baetens Beardsmore13 Translanguaging, Bilingualism, and Bilingual Education 223Ofelia García and Li Wei14 Multiliteracies, Pedagogies, and Academic Literacy 241Madhav Kafle and Suresh Canagarajah15 Language Assessment: Past to Present Misuses and Future Possibilities 253Elana Shohamy and Kate Menken16 Teacher Education and Support 270Anne-Marie de Mejía and Christine Hélot17 Parent and Community Involvement in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 282M. Beatriz AriasSchool Levels and Special Populations 29918 Early Childhood Education and Dual Language Learners 301Eugene E. García and Amy M. Markos19 Primary School Bilingual Education: Pedagogical Issues and Practices 319María Estela Brisk, Ester J. de Jong, and Meredith C. Moore20 Secondary Bilingual Education: Cutting the Gordian Knot 336Christian Faltis and Frank Ramirez-Marín21 Bi/Multilingual Higher Education: Perspectives and Practices 354Christa van der Walt22 Bilingual Education and Students with Dis/Abilities and Exceptionalities 372Teddi Beam-Conroy and Patricia Alvarez McHatton23 Bilingual Deaf Education 391Timothy Reagan24 Bilingual-Multilingual Education and Indigenous Peoples 409Tiffany S. Lee and Teresa L. McCarty25 Nonformal Bilingual Education 428Lesley Bartlett and Monisha BajajSection 3 Global Dimensions of Bilingual and Multilingual Education 44726 A Dual Language Revolution in the United States? On the Bumpy Road from Compensatory to Enrichment Education for Bilingual Children in Texas 449Deborah K. Palmer, Christian E. Zuñiga, and Kathryn Henderson27 Global Dimensions of Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Canada 461Thomas Ricento28 Minority Languages, State Languages, and English in European Education 473Jasone Cenoz and Durk Gorter29 Contested Notions of Bilingualism and Trilingualism in the People’s Republic of China 484Anwei Feng and Bob Adamson30 Bilingual Education in Japan: Slow but Steady Progress 495Akie Tomozawa and Junko Majima31 Breaking the Façade of Linguistic and Cultural Homogeneity: Education for Multicultural Children in South Korea 506Jin Sook Lee32 Striving for Education for All through Bilingual Education in Cambodia 517Wayne E. Wright and Sovicheth Boun33 Bilingual and Multilingual Education in Brunei and Malaysia: Policies and Practices 531Gary M. Jones34 Multilingual Education in South Asia: The Burden of the Double Divide 542Minati Panda and Ajit K. Mohanty35 “Too Many Cooks Spoil the Broth”: Tension and Conflict between Language Institutions in South Africa 554Sinfree Makoni and Busi Makoni36 A Panoramic View of Bilingual Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Reorienting the Lens for the Future 566Leketi Makalela37 Language Education in Mexico: Access, Equity, and Ideology 578Peter Sayer and Mario López Gopar38 Indigenous Youth and Adult Education in Latin America 592Luis Enrique López39 Multilingual Education across Oceania 604Joseph Lo Bianco40 Language, Conflict, and Social Change: Arabic Bilingual Education in the Middle East and North Africa 618Zeena Zakharia41 Bilingual and Multilingual Education in the Former Soviet Republics: The Case of Latvia 632Gatis Dilans and Brigita ZepaIndex 645

Wayne E. Wright is Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, Professor, and Barbara I. Cook Chair of Literacy and Language in the College of Education at Purdue University. He is Co-Editor of the Journal of Language, Identity and Education, and Editor of the Journal of Southeast Asian American Education and Advancement. His most recent books are the 6th edition of Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (with Colin Baker, 2017), and the 2nd edition of Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners: Research, Theory, Policy, & Practice (2015).Sovicheth Boun is Assistant Professor of ESL and Literacy in the Department of Secondary and Higher Education at Salem State University. His research interests include bi-/multilingual education and policies (in both Cambodia and the U.S.), language ideologies, language teacher identities, and K-12 schooling experiences of Southeast Asian American students.Ofelia García is Professor in the Ph.D. programs in Urban Education and Hispanic and Luso Brazilian Literatures and Languages at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She has been Professor of Bilingual Education at Columbia University's Teachers College, and at The City College of New York; and has been Dean of the School of Education at the Brooklyn Campus of Long Island University. García has published widely in the areas of sociology of language, language policy, bilingualism, and bilingual education. She is the General Editor of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language and the co-editor of Language Policy (with H. Kelly-Holmes).

• Acknowledgments xiNotes on Contributors xiii1 Introduction: Key Concepts and Issues in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 1Wayne E. Wright, Sovicheth Boun, and Ofelia GarcíaSection 1 Foundations for Bilingual and Multilingual Education 172 Egalitarian Bi/multilingualism and Trans-semiotizing in a Global World 19Angel Lin3 Bilingualism and Creativity: An Educational Perspective 38Anatoliy V. Kharkhurin4 Language Acquisition in Bilingual Education 56Guadalupe Valdés, Luis Poza, and Maneka Deanna Brooks5 Literacy in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 75Viv Edwards6 Culture in Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Conflict, Struggle, and Power 92Laura A. Valdiviezo and Sonia Nieto7 A Synthesis of Research on Bilingual and Multilingual Education 109Colin Baker and Gwyn Lewis8 Researching Bilingual and Multilingual Education Multilingually: A Linguistic Ethnographic Approach 127Angela Creese, Adrian Blackledge, with Arvind Bhatt, Carla Jonsson, Kasper Juffermans, Jinling Li, Peter Martin, Anu Muhonen, and Jaspreet Kaur Takhi9 Intersections of Language Ideology, Power, and Identity: Bilingual Education and Indigenous LanguageRevitalization in French Polynesia 145Mirose Paia, Jim Cummins, Isabelle Nocus, Marie Salaün, and Jacques Vernaudon10 Language Policy and Planning in Education 164Terrence G. Wiley11 Language Rights 185Tove Skutnabb-KangasSection 2 Pedagogical Issues and Practices in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 203Practices and Pedagogies for Bilingualism and Multilingualism 20312 Programs and Structures in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 205Nelson Flores and Hugo Baetens Beardsmore13 Translanguaging, Bilingualism, and Bilingual Education 223Ofelia García and Li Wei14 Multiliteracies, Pedagogies, and Academic Literacy 241Madhav Kafle and Suresh Canagarajah15 Language Assessment: Past to Present Misuses and Future Possibilities 253Elana Shohamy and Kate Menken16 Teacher Education and Support 270Anne-Marie de Mejía and Christine Hélot17 Parent and Community Involvement in Bilingual and Multilingual Education 282M. Beatriz AriasSchool Levels and Special Populations 29918 Early Childhood Education and Dual Language Learners 301Eugene E. García and Amy M. Markos19 Primary School Bilingual Education: Pedagogical Issues and Practices 319María Estela Brisk, Ester J. de Jong, and Meredith C. Moore20 Secondary Bilingual Education: Cutting the Gordian Knot 336Christian Faltis and Frank Ramirez-Marín21 Bi/Multilingual Higher Education: Perspectives and Practices 354Christa van der Walt22 Bilingual Education and Students with Dis/Abilities and Exceptionalities 372Teddi Beam-Conroy and Patricia Alvarez McHatton23 Bilingual Deaf Education 391Timothy Reagan24 Bilingual-Multilingual Education and Indigenous Peoples 409Tiffany S. Lee and Teresa L. McCarty25 Nonformal Bilingual Education 428Lesley Bartlett and Monisha BajajSection 3 Global Dimensions of Bilingual and Multilingual Education 44726 A Dual Language Revolution in the United States? On the Bumpy Road from Compensatory to Enrichment Education for Bilingual Children in Texas 449Deborah K. Palmer, Christian E. Zuñiga, and Kathryn Henderson27 Global Dimensions of Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Canada 461Thomas Ricento28 Minority Languages, State Languages, and English in European Education 473Jasone Cenoz and Durk Gorter29 Contested Notions of Bilingualism and Trilingualism in the People’s Republic of China 484Anwei Feng and Bob Adamson30 Bilingual Education in Japan: Slow but Steady Progress 495Akie Tomozawa and Junko Majima31 Breaking the Façade of Linguistic and Cultural Homogeneity: Education for Multicultural Children in South Korea 506Jin Sook Lee32 Striving for Education for All through Bilingual Education in Cambodia 517Wayne E. Wright and Sovicheth Boun33 Bilingual and Multilingual Education in Brunei and Malaysia: Policies and Practices 531Gary M. Jones34 Multilingual Education in South Asia: The Burden of the Double Divide 542Minati Panda and Ajit K. Mohanty35 “Too Many Cooks Spoil the Broth”: Tension and Conflict between Language Institutions in South Africa 554Sinfree Makoni and Busi Makoni36 A Panoramic View of Bilingual Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Reorienting the Lens for the Future 566Leketi Makalela37 Language Education in Mexico: Access, Equity, and Ideology 578Peter Sayer and Mario López Gopar38 Indigenous Youth and Adult Education in Latin America 592Luis Enrique López39 Multilingual Education across Oceania 604Joseph Lo Bianco40 Language, Conflict, and Social Change: Arabic Bilingual Education in the Middle East and North Africa 618Zeena Zakharia41 Bilingual and Multilingual Education in the Former Soviet Republics: The Case of Latvia 632Gatis Dilans and Brigita ZepaIndex 645