Groundwater Modeling Using Geographical Information Systems

GEORGE F. PINDER, PhD, is a professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and a professor of mathematics and statistics at the University of Vermont in Burlington.

• Preface. 1 Flow Modeling. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Areal Extent of a Model. 1.3 Hydrological Boundaries to the Model. 1.4 Compilation of Geological Information. 1.4.1 Unconsolidated Environments. 1.4.2 Consolidated Rocks. 1.4.3 Metamorphic Rocks. 1.4.4 Igneous Rocks. 1.4.5 Representation of Geological Units. 1.5 Compilation of Hydrological Information. 1.5.1 Geohydrological Parameters. 1.5.2 Boundary Conditions. 1.5.3 Stresses. 1.6 Water-Table Condition. 1.6.1 Near-Surface Aquifer Zone. 1.6.2 Sharp-Interface Approximation of the Water Table. 1.6.3 Variably Saturated Water-Table Formulation. 1.6.4 Comparison of the Sharp-Interface and Variably Saturated Formulations. 1.7 Physical Dimensions of the Model. 1.7.1 Vertical Integration of the Flow Equation. 1.7.2 Free-Surface Condition. 1.8 Model Size. 1.9 Model Discretization. 1.9.1 Finite-Difference Approximations. 1.9.2 Finite-Element Approximations. 1.9.3 Two-Space Dimensional Approximations. 1.10 Finite-Difference Approximation to the Flow Equation. 1.10.1 Model Boundary Conditions. 1.10.2 Model Initial Conditions. 1.11 Finite-Element Approximation to the Flow Equation. 1.11.1 Boundary Conditions. 1.11.2 Initial Conditions. 1.12 Parameters. 1.13 Fractured and Cavernous Media. 1.14 Model Stresses. 1.14.1 Well Discharge or Recharge. 1.14.2 Rainfall. 1.14.3 Multiple Stress Periods. 1.15 Finite-Element Mesh. 1.16 Simulation. 1.16.1 Solution Algorithm. 1.16.2 Bandwidth. 1.16.3 Running PTC. 1.17 Output. 1.18 Calibration. 1.18.1 Model Building Guidelines. 1.18.2 Model Evaluation Guidelines. 1.18.3 Additional Data-Collection and Model Development Guidelines. 1.18.4 Uncertainty-Evaluation Guidelines. 1.18.5 Some Rules of Thumb. 1.19 Production Runs. 1.20 Summary. References. 2 Transport Modeling. 2.1 Compilation of Water-Quality Information. 2.2 Physical Dimensions. 2.3 Model Size. 2.4 Transport Equation. 2.4.1 Equilibrium or Adsorption Isotherms. 2.4.2 Mass Flux. 2.4.3 Example of Retardation. 2.5 Chemical Reactions. 2.6 Model Boundary Conditions. 2.7 Finite-Element Approximation. 2.8 Boundary Conditions 2.8.1 First-Type Boundary Condition. 2.8.2 Second-Type Boundary Condition. 2.8.3 Third-Type Boundary Condition. 2.9 Initial Conditions. 2.10 Model Parameters. 2.11 Model Stresses. 2.12 Running the Model. 2.13 Output. 2.14 Calibration. 2.15 Production Runs. 2.16 Summary. References. 3 Finite-Element versus Finite-Difference Simulation. 3.1 Elementary Application. 3.1.1 Groundwater Flow. 3.1.2 Groundwater Transport. 3.2 Comparison of Methods. 3.2.1 Graphical User Interfaces. 3.2.2 Model Formulation and Implementation. 3.2.3 Groundwater Flow. 3.2.4 Groundwater Transport. 3.3 Summary. Index.