Ground Penetrating Radar

Mohammed Serhir is Associate Professor at CentraleSupélec, Gif-sur-Yvette, and is part of SONDRA CentraleSupélec ONERA NUS DSO Research Alliance in France. His research interests include GPR, microwave imaging, antenna design, modeling, and measurement in harmonic and time domains.Dominique Lesselier is CNRS Director of Research Emeritus, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes, Gif-sur-Yvette, jointly at Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS and CentraleSupélec in France. His research interests include the development of solutions to inverse problems and imaging methods, encompassing mathematics, numerics, and applications.

• Preface xiMohammed SERHIR and Dominique LESSELIERChapter 1 Electromagnetic Imaging of GPR Data: Theory and Experiments 1Michele AMBROSANIO, Martina Teresa BEVACQUA, Tommaso ISERNIA and Vito PASCAZIO1.1 Inverse scattering problem: mathematical formulation 31.2 Inverse scattering problem in case of planarly-layered media 51.3 Solution strategies 81.4 Qualitative methods 91.4.1 Linear Sampling Method 101.4.2 Orthogonality sampling method 111.4.3 Shape reconstruction via joint sparsity based inverse source and equivalence principles 121.4.4 Applicability and limitations of the three methods 141.5 Linearized methods 161.5.1 Born approximation 161.5.2 Distorted Born approximation 181.5.3 A linear approach for quantitative subsurface imaging based on VE 191.6 Regularization strategies 211.7 An example of multistatic tomographic imaging for GPR prospecting: the Gergia Tech case 241.7.1 Landmines data set 251.7.2 Buried pipe 281.8 References 29Chapter 2 Nonlinear and Hybrid Inversion Techniques for Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging 35Valentina SCHENONE, Alessandro FEDELI, Matteo PASTORINO† and Andrea RANDAZZO2.1 GPR imaging as a nonlinear inverse problem 372.2 Quantitative inversion 462.3 Hybrid techniques 482.4 Example of application in a simulated scenario 502.5 References 56Chapter 3 Sensor Deployment in Subsurface GPR Imaging 59Maria Antonia MAISTO, Angela DELL'AVERSANO, Antonio CUCCARO and Raffaele SOLIMENE3.1 Introduction 593.2 Linearized scattering model 623.3 Inversion 673.3.1 Migration 703.3.2 A simple pedagogical example 723.3.3 The case of unbounded observation domain 743.4 Sensor deployment strategy 753.4.1 Warping method 783.5 References 90Chapter 4 Ground Penetrating Radar Tomography for Cultural Heritage 97Ilaria CATAPANO, Giovanni LUDENO, Gianluca GENNARELLI, Giuseppe ESPOSITO, Lorenzo CROCCO and Francesco SOLDOVIERI4.1 Introduction 974.2 GPRT general concepts 994.3 GPRT performance assessment 1034.4 Effective implementation of GPRT 1044.5 GPRT surveys in cultural heritage 1064.5.1 Discovery of a small temple -- archeological park of Paestum and Velia 1064.5.2 On the traces of Sir Arthur Evans restorations -- Knossos Palace 1104.5.3 Surveys of columns -- tombs of the Kings, Paphos, Cyprus 1124.6 Future perspectives: UAV-based GPRT 1154.7 References 118Chapter 5 The Full-Wave Radar Equation for Wave Propagation in Multilayered Media and Its Applications 123Sebastien LAMBOT, Kaijun WU, Arthur SLUYTERS and Jean VANDERDONCKT5.1 Introduction 1235.2 Far-field radar equation 1245.3 Determination of the radar--antenna characteristic functions 1275.4 Planar multilayered media Green's function 1295.5 Near-field radar equation 1325.6 Full-wave inversion 1365.7 Soil moisture mapping application 1385.7.1 Test sites 1395.7.2 Radar system 1395.7.3 Radar calibration 1415.7.4 Radar images 1415.7.5 Inversion focused on the surface reflection 1435.7.6 Conclusions and perspectives 1455.8 Radar-based interaction 1475.8.1 Processing pipeline 1485.8.2 Radar system 1495.8.3 Results 1505.8.4 Breathing pattern recognition 1545.9 Conclusion and perspectives 1565.10 References 156Chapter 6 Assessment of Flexible Pavements by GPR: 20 Years of R&D in France 161Xavier DEROBERT, Amine IHAMOUTEN, Vincent BALTAZART, David GUILBERT, Shreedhar Savant TODKAR, Grégory ANDREOLI, Bachir TCHANA-TANKEU, Jean-Michel SIMONIN and Cyrille FAUCHARD6.1 Context 1616.2 GPR systems and acquisition 1636.3 GPR processing and interpretation 1666.4 Complementary ND techniques 1726.4.1 Coring 1726.4.2 Surface conditions 1726.4.3 Deflection 1736.4.4 Other mechanical NDT methods 1746.4.5 Gammadensimetry 1746.5 Research and innovations 1756.5.1 High-frequency stepped-frequency radar approach 1766.5.2 Super/high time resolution processing 1806.5.3 Full waveform inversion processing 1846.5.4 Machine learning processing 1886.5.5 New orientations 1906.6 Conclusion 1916.7 Acknowledgements 1926.8 References 192Chapter 7 GPR for Tree Roots Reconstruction under Heterogeneous Soil Conditions 199Abderrahmane ABOUDOURIB, Mohammed SERHIR and Dominique LESSELIER7.1 Introduction 1997.2 Materials, definitions and methods 2027.2.1 Root description and modeling 2027.2.2 Dielectric models for heterogeneous soil 2087.2.3 Forward electromagnetic simulation 2107.2.4 Laboratory experiments 2117.3 Data-processing framework 2137.3.1 Background removal 2147.3.2 Soil dielectric permittivity estimation 2147.3.3 Matched filter technique 2167.4 Results 2187.4.1 Results of simulation 2187.4.2 Experimental results 2227.5 Discussion 2247.5.1 Computational times of the processing framework 2247.5.2 Potentialities of the proposed method 2247.5.3 Limitations of the proposed method 2257.5.4 Applicability of the proposed framework to field measurements 2257.6 Conclusion 2267.7 References 227Chapter 8 Sounding Radars and Ground Penetrating Radars Designed for the Exploration of Our Solar System -- Focus on Planet Mars 233Valérie CIARLETTI8.1 Introduction 2338.2 Overview of the radars designed for planetary missions 2358.3 Specific constraints on the radar design due to space missions 2398.3.1 Building the instrument 2408.3.2 Accommodating the sounding radar on the mission's platform 2418.3.3 Some specific difficulties on data interpretation 2428.4 Focus on Mars 2468.4.1 A very short summary of the exploration of planet Mars 2468.4.2 Description of the Martian subsurface radars with a few results 2488.5 Unusual radar designed 2588.5.1 The tomographic radar CONSERT (Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission) of the ROSETTA mission 2598.5.2 The LRPR on board the lander of the CHANG'E 5 lunar mission 2618.6 Future of soundings radars and GPR in solar system exploration 2628.7 References 264List of Authors 275Index 279