Kathryn Hochstetler is Professor of Political Science at the University of New Mexico. She is a coauthor of Sovereignty, Democracy, and Global Civil Society: State-Society Relations at UN World Conferences and a coeditor of Palgrave Advances in International Environmental Politics.Margaret E. Keck is Professor of Political Science at The Johns Hopkins University. She is the author of The Workers’ Party and Democratization in Brazil and a coauthor of Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics.

• List of Tables viiiPreface ixList of Acronyms and Organizations xvIntroduction 11. Building Environmental Institutions: National Environmental Politics and Policy 232. National Environmental Activism: The Changing Terms of Engagement 633. From Protest to Project: The Third Wave of Environmental Activism 974. Amazonia 1405. From Pollution Control to Sustainable Cities 186Conclusion 223Appendix: List of Interviews 231Notes 239Bibliography 249Index 273

“Greening Brazil is an extremely interesting, insightful, and important book. It is important precisely because it fills a huge gap in outsiders’ understanding of Brazil’s internal politics on environmental issues, providing insights into an often misunderstood country whose environmental performance has truly global implications.”-J. Timmons Roberts, coauthor of Trouble in Paradise: Globalization and Environmental Crises in Latin America “Kathryn Hochstetler and Margaret E. Keck have vast and complementary direct experiences with environmental reform in Brazil, and their long-term commitment to following these issues has clearly paid off in their analysis of the country’s long, rich, and distinctive reform history.”-Jonathan Fox, University of California, Santa Cruz “Greening Brazil is a superb analysis of the growth of the Brazilian environmental movement since the 1950s. The authors bring to the task a sophisticated understanding of Brazilian politics and a deep knowledge of international trends in environmental politics. Greening Brazil is the most satisfying account yet written of any environmental movement outside of Europe and the United States.” - Angus Wright (Latin American Politics and Society) “Greening Brazil is a vital contribution for readers interested in the development of social environmentalism in Brazil, as well as the recent rise in environmental politics in Brazil and Latin America. Kathryn Hochstetler and Margaret Keck . . . produce a persuasive view of the social, institutional, and governmental interactions that have shaped governance of the environmental movement and politics in Brazil. . . . It should be seen as a pioneering book in the field, hopefully encouraging more research on the subject.” - Isabel DiVanna (Canadian Journal of History) “Greening Brazil, a breakthrough book, makes an outstanding contribution to this puzzle. It demonstrates how small agencies in low salience issue areas confronting powerful detractors survive, expand and make a difference. Kathryn Hochstetler and Margaret Keck persuasively argue that extensive interpersonal and professional networks carefully cultivated by key leaders, along with their finely honed discernment over which battles to fight and how to fight them, are the key explanatory factors. . . . Moreover, the book is a vivid example of how to advance knowledge, informed by theory, on the real workings of Latin American institutions beyond deductive analyses of pathologies in institutional design followed by prescriptions on how to fix them.” - Eduardo Silva (Journal of Latin American Studies)

Kathryn Hochstetler is Professor of Political Science at the University of New Mexico. She is a coauthor of Sovereignty, Democracy, and Global Civil Society: State-Society Relations at UN World Conferences and a coeditor of Palgrave Advances in International Environmental Politics.Margaret E. Keck is Professor of Political Science at The Johns Hopkins University. She is the author of The Workers’ Party and Democratization in Brazil and a coauthor of Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics.

• List of Tables viiiPreface ixList of Acronyms and Organizations xvIntroduction 11. Building Environmental Institutions: National Environmental Politics and Policy 232. National Environmental Activism: The Changing Terms of Engagement 633. From Protest to Project: The Third Wave of Environmental Activism 974. Amazonia 1405. From Pollution Control to Sustainable Cities 186Conclusion 223Appendix: List of Interviews 231Notes 239Bibliography 249Index 273

“Greening Brazil is an extremely interesting, insightful, and important book. It is important precisely because it fills a huge gap in outsiders’ understanding of Brazil’s internal politics on environmental issues, providing insights into an often misunderstood country whose environmental performance has truly global implications.”-J. Timmons Roberts, coauthor of Trouble in Paradise: Globalization and Environmental Crises in Latin America “Kathryn Hochstetler and Margaret E. Keck have vast and complementary direct experiences with environmental reform in Brazil, and their long-term commitment to following these issues has clearly paid off in their analysis of the country’s long, rich, and distinctive reform history.”-Jonathan Fox, University of California, Santa Cruz “Greening Brazil is a superb analysis of the growth of the Brazilian environmental movement since the 1950s. The authors bring to the task a sophisticated understanding of Brazilian politics and a deep knowledge of international trends in environmental politics. Greening Brazil is the most satisfying account yet written of any environmental movement outside of Europe and the United States.” - Angus Wright (Latin American Politics and Society) “Greening Brazil is a vital contribution for readers interested in the development of social environmentalism in Brazil, as well as the recent rise in environmental politics in Brazil and Latin America. Kathryn Hochstetler and Margaret Keck . . . produce a persuasive view of the social, institutional, and governmental interactions that have shaped governance of the environmental movement and politics in Brazil. . . . It should be seen as a pioneering book in the field, hopefully encouraging more research on the subject.” - Isabel DiVanna (Canadian Journal of History) “Greening Brazil, a breakthrough book, makes an outstanding contribution to this puzzle. It demonstrates how small agencies in low salience issue areas confronting powerful detractors survive, expand and make a difference. Kathryn Hochstetler and Margaret Keck persuasively argue that extensive interpersonal and professional networks carefully cultivated by key leaders, along with their finely honed discernment over which battles to fight and how to fight them, are the key explanatory factors. . . . Moreover, the book is a vivid example of how to advance knowledge, informed by theory, on the real workings of Latin American institutions beyond deductive analyses of pathologies in institutional design followed by prescriptions on how to fix them.” - Eduardo Silva (Journal of Latin American Studies)

Kathryn Hochstetler is Professor of Political Science at the University of New Mexico. She is a coauthor of Sovereignty, Democracy, and Global Civil Society: State-Society Relations at UN World Conferences and a coeditor of Palgrave Advances in International Environmental Politics.Margaret E. Keck is Professor of Political Science at The Johns Hopkins University. She is the author of The Workers’ Party and Democratization in Brazil and a coauthor of Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics.

• List of Tables viiiPreface ixList of Acronyms and Organizations xvIntroduction 11. Building Environmental Institutions: National Environmental Politics and Policy 232. National Environmental Activism: The Changing Terms of Engagement 633. From Protest to Project: The Third Wave of Environmental Activism 974. Amazonia 1405. From Pollution Control to Sustainable Cities 186Conclusion 223Appendix: List of Interviews 231Notes 239Bibliography 249Index 273

“Greening Brazil is an extremely interesting, insightful, and important book. It is important precisely because it fills a huge gap in outsiders’ understanding of Brazil’s internal politics on environmental issues, providing insights into an often misunderstood country whose environmental performance has truly global implications.”-J. Timmons Roberts, coauthor of Trouble in Paradise: Globalization and Environmental Crises in Latin America “Kathryn Hochstetler and Margaret E. Keck have vast and complementary direct experiences with environmental reform in Brazil, and their long-term commitment to following these issues has clearly paid off in their analysis of the country’s long, rich, and distinctive reform history.”-Jonathan Fox, University of California, Santa Cruz “Greening Brazil is a superb analysis of the growth of the Brazilian environmental movement since the 1950s. The authors bring to the task a sophisticated understanding of Brazilian politics and a deep knowledge of international trends in environmental politics. Greening Brazil is the most satisfying account yet written of any environmental movement outside of Europe and the United States.” - Angus Wright (Latin American Politics and Society) “Greening Brazil is a vital contribution for readers interested in the development of social environmentalism in Brazil, as well as the recent rise in environmental politics in Brazil and Latin America. Kathryn Hochstetler and Margaret Keck . . . produce a persuasive view of the social, institutional, and governmental interactions that have shaped governance of the environmental movement and politics in Brazil. . . . It should be seen as a pioneering book in the field, hopefully encouraging more research on the subject.” - Isabel DiVanna (Canadian Journal of History) “Greening Brazil, a breakthrough book, makes an outstanding contribution to this puzzle. It demonstrates how small agencies in low salience issue areas confronting powerful detractors survive, expand and make a difference. Kathryn Hochstetler and Margaret Keck persuasively argue that extensive interpersonal and professional networks carefully cultivated by key leaders, along with their finely honed discernment over which battles to fight and how to fight them, are the key explanatory factors. . . . Moreover, the book is a vivid example of how to advance knowledge, informed by theory, on the real workings of Latin American institutions beyond deductive analyses of pathologies in institutional design followed by prescriptions on how to fix them.” - Eduardo Silva (Journal of Latin American Studies)