Green Mobile Networks

Nirwan Ansari, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA Tao Han, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA

• Preface ixList of Abbreviations xiPart I Green Mobile Networking Technologies 11. Fundamental Green Networking Technologies 31.1 Energy Efficient Multi-cell Cooperation 31.2 Heterogeneous Networking 41.3 Mobile Traffic Offloading 61.3.1 Infrastructure Based Mobile Traffic Offloading 71.3.2 Ad-hoc Based Mobile Traffic Offloading 71.3.3 User–BS Associations in Heterogeneous Mobile Networks 71.4 Device-to-Device Communications and Proximity Services 81.5 Powering Mobile Networks With Renewable Energy 91.6 Green Communications via Cognitive Radio Communications 91.7 Green Communications via Optimizing Mobile Content Delivery 112. Multi-cell Cooperation Communications 152.1 Traffic Intensity Aware Multi-cell Cooperation 152.1.1 Cooperation to Estimate Traffic Demands 172.1.2 Cooperation to Optimize Switching Off Strategy 182.2 Energy Aware Multi-cell Cooperation 192.3 Energy Efficient CoMP Transmission 192.3.1 Increasing Energy Efficiency for Cell Edge Communications 192.3.2 Enabling More BSs Into Sleep Mode 222.4 Summary and Future Research 222.4.1 Coalition Formation 232.4.2 Green Energy Utilization 242.4.3 Incentive Mechanism 242.5 Questions 243. Powering Mobile Networks with Green Energy 253.1 Green Energy Models: Generation and Consumption 253.1.1 Green Power Generation 253.1.2 Mobile Network Energy Consumption 253.2 Green Energy Powered Mobile Base Stations 263.2.1 Green Energy Provisioning 263.2.2 Base Station Resource Management 273.3 Green Energy Powered Mobile Networks 283.3.1 Off-Grid Green Mobile Networks 293.3.2 On-Grid Green Mobile Networks 303.3.3 Mixture of Green Base Stations and Grid Powered Base Stations 313.4 Summary 323.5 Questions 324. Spectrum and Energy Harvesting Wireless Networks 334.1 Spectrum Harvesting Techniques 334.1.1 Energy Efficiency in Spectrum Harvesting Networks 344.1.2 Enhancing Energy Efficiency Through Spectrum Harvesting 394.2 Energy Harvesting Techniques 444.2.1 Green Energy Harvesting Models 444.2.2 Green Energy Utilization and Optimization 464.2.3 Cognitive Functionalities in Energy Harvesting 474.3 FreeNet: Spectrum and Energy Harvesting Wireless Networks 504.3.1 FreeNet Application Scenarios 514.3.2 Dynamic Network Architecture Optimization 534.3.3 Communication Protocol Suite Design 574.4 Summary 584.5 Questions 58Part II Green Mobile Networking Solutions 595. Energy and Spectrum Efficient Mobile Traffic Offloading 615.1 Centralized Energy Spectrum Trading Algorithm 635.1.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 645.1.2 A Heuristic Power Consumption Minimization Algorithm 675.2 Auction-Based Decentralized Algorithm 705.2.1 An Auction-Based EST Scheme 725.3 Performance Evaluation 815.3.1 Centralized Energy Spectrum Trading Algorithm 815.3.2 Auction-Based Decentralized Algorithm 875.4 Summary 905.5 Questions 906. Optimizing Green Energy Utilization for Mobile Networks with Hybrid Energy Supplies 916.1 Green Energy Optimization Scheme for Mobile Networks With Hybrid Energy Supplies 916.1.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 936.1.2 Problem Formulation 956.1.3 The GEO Algorithm 996.1.4 Performance Evaluation 1066.2 Optimal Renewable Energy Provisioning for BSs 1106.2.1 Related Work on Provisioning the Green Power System 1116.2.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 1126.2.3 The Green Energy Provisioning Solution 1166.2.4 Performance Evaluation 1236.3 Summary 1286.4 Questions 1287. Energy Aware Traffic Load Balancing in Mobile Networks 1297.1 Traffic Load Balancing in Mobile Networks 1297.2 ICE: Intelligent Cell brEathing to Optimize the Utilization of Green Energy 1317.2.1 Problem Formulation 1327.2.2 The ICE Algorithm 1337.2.3 ICE Algorithm Performance 1357.3 Energy- and QoS-Aware Traffic Load Balancing 1387.3.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 1397.3.2 vGALA: A Green Energy and Latency Aware Load Balancing Scheme 1447.3.3 Properties of vGALA 1477.3.4 The Practicality of the vGALA Scheme 1527.3.5 The Admission Control Mechanism 1547.3.6 Performance Evaluation 1557.4 Energy Efficient Traffic Load Balancing in Backhaul Constrained Small Cell Networks 1657.4.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 1667.4.2 Network Utility Aware Traffic Load Balancing 1717.4.3 Performance Evaluation 1767.5 Traffic Load Balancing in Smart Grid Enabled Mobile Networks 1857.5.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 1897.5.2 An Approximation Solution 1917.5.3 Performance Evaluation 1977.6 Summary 2007.7 Questions 2018. Enhancing Energy Efficiency via Device-to-Device Proximity Services 2038.1 Energy Efficient Cooperative Wireless Multicasting 2058.1.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 2058.1.2 Gradient Guided Algorithm 2068.1.3 Performance Evaluation 2078.2 Green Relay Assisted D2D Communications 2128.2.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 2128.2.2 A Heuristic Green Relay Assignment Algorithm 2148.3 Green Content Brokerage 2218.3.1 Problem Formulation and Analysis 2248.3.2 The Heuristic Traffic Offloading Algorithm 2268.3.3 Performance Evaluation 2328.4 Summary 2368.5 Questions 2379. Greening Mobile Networks via Optimizing the Efficiency of Content Delivery 2399.1 Mobile Network Measurements 2409.1.1 Packet Retransmission 2409.1.2 Queuing in Mobile Core Networks 2409.1.3 Network Asymmetry 2419.1.4 Queue Management 2419.1.5 First Packet Delay 2429.1.6 TCP Flaws 2429.1.7 Application Misbehavior 2439.1.8 Mobile Devices 2439.1.9 User Mobility 2449.2 Mobile System Evolution 2449.2.1 EUTRAN 2459.2.2 Integrating Mobile Networks and CDN 2479.3 Content and Network Optimization 2479.3.1 Content Domain Techniques 2479.3.2 Network Domain Techniques 2499.3.3 Cross Domain Techniques 2629.4 Mobile Data Offloading 2649.4.1 Direct Data Offloading 2649.4.2 Network Aggregation 2659.5 Web Content Delivery Acceleration System 2669.5.1 Web Acceleration System 2679.6 Multimedia Content Delivery Acceleration 2729.6.1 Adaptive Streaming 2739.6.2 Other Methods 2759.7 Summary 2779.8 Questions 277References 279Index 299