Green Chemistry for Sustainable Water Purification

Shahid-ul-Islam, PhD, is a Research Scientist at the Department of Textile & Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT). His area of interests are antimicrobial coatings, green chemistry, fibers & polymers, polymeric composites and nanocomoposites and nano-biotechnology. He has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute including contributions to several internationally recognized books published by the Wiley-Scrivener imprint, Springer, and Elsevier. Aabid Hussain Shalla, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Islamic University of Science and Technology, J&K, India. He has more than 35 publications in international journals, three books, and many book chapters to his credit. His research interests include the synthesis of hybrid ion exchange materials/ion-selective electrodes/synthesis of smart responsive hydrogels to envisage their application in the removal and identification of toxic heavy metal ions, dyes, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewaters. Mohammad Shahadat, PhD, is a senior lecturer at the School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. He has published over 60 research papers and 8 review articles in international journals as well as edited one book and 25 book chapters. His research interests include synthesis, characterization, green technologies, chitosan/polyaniline-supported biodegradable nanocomposite materials, and their significant applications in various fields, including drug delivery systems.

• Preface xiii1 Green Chemistry for Water Remediation 1Syed Wazed Ali, Satyaranjan Bairagi and Swagata Banerjee1.1 Introduction 21.2 Challenges in Water Remediation 31.3 Green Chemistry as a Novel Alternative to Conventional Wastewater Treatment 41.3.1 Green Chemistry 41.3.2 Applications of Green Chemistry in Water Remediation 91.4 Conclusion 14Acknowledgment 15References 152 Advances in Wastewater Treatment Using Natural and Modified Zeolites 21Sheikh A. Majid, Gowher Jan and Aabid H. Shalla2.1 Global Impact of Wastewater Treatment 212.2 Different Wastewater Treatments 222.3 Technologies to Treat Chemical Industry Effluents 232.4 Oil–Water Separator—Treatment of Oily Effluent 232.5 Coagulation–Flocculation 242.6 Techniques for Treating Wastewater Using Adsorption 252.7 Adsorption of Dyes 262.8 Zeolite in Wastewater Treatment 272.9 Negative Impact of Heavy Metals on Health 282.9.1 Origin of Heavy Metal Exposure to Humans 292.9.1.1 Arsenic 302.9.1.2 Lead 312.9.1.3 Mercury 312.10 Wastewater Treatment Using Different Zeolites 322.10.1 Natural Zeolites 322.11 Treatment of Surface Waters, Ground, and Underground Waters 332.12 Drinking and Greywater Treatment 332.13 Heavy Metal Removal Comparison by Zeolites 342.13.1 Different Adsorbents Used to Remove Cr3+ 342.13.2 Different Adsorbents Employed for the Removal of Cd3+ 342.13.3 Removal of Cu2+ by Different Adsorbents 372.13.4 Different Adsorbents Used to Remove Pb2+ 372.13.5 Removal of Zn2+ by Different Adsorbents 372.14 Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics 402.15 Conclusion 40References 413 Sustainable Green Synergistic Emulsion Liquid Membrane Formulation for Metal Removal from Aqueous Waste Solution 49Norasikin Othman, Norela Jusoh, Raja Norimie Raja Sulaiman and Norul Fatiha Mohamed Noah3.1 Introduction 503.2 Theoretical 513.2.1 Mass Transfer Mechanism in the ELM Process 533.2.2 Component Selection in the ELM 553.3 Experimental 583.3.1 Materials 583.3.2 Reactive Extraction Procedure 583.3.3 Determination and Calculations 603.4 Results and Discussion 603.4.1 Extraction of Metal Ions Using Single Carrier 603.4.2 Extraction of Metal Ions Using Mixed of Carriers 613.4.3 Approach to a Sustainable ELM Process 683.4.4 Prospect and Future Challenges in ELM Technology 693.5 Conclusion 73Acknowledgment 73References 734 Chemical Activation of Carbonized Neem Seed as an Effective Adsorbent for Rhodamine B Dye Adsorption 79Edwin Andrew Ofudje, Samson O. Alayande, Abimbola A. Ogundiran, Ezekiel Folorunso Sodiya, Oyesolape Basirat Akinsipo-Oyelaja, Godswill Akhigbe and Olugbenga Bowale Oladeji4.1 Introduction 804.2 Materials and Methods 814.2.1 Chemicals 814.2.2 Preparation of Adsorbent 814.2.3 Magnetic Activation Carbonized Neem Seed 824.2.4 Adsorbent Characterizations 824.2.5 Batch Adsorption Experiments 834.3 Results and Discussion 834.3.1 Adsorption Studies 874.3.2 Adsorption Kinetics of RB Dye Removal 904.3.3 Adsorption Isotherms of RB Dye Removal 954.3.4 Thermodynamic of RB Dye Removal 974.4 Conclusions 102References 1025 Green Water Treatment for Organic Pollutions: Photocatalytic Degradation Approach 107Yahiya Kadaf Manea, Amjad Mumtaz Khan, Ajaz Ahmad Wani, Adel A. M. Saeed, Shaif M. Kasim and Ashrf Mashrai5.1 Introduction 1085.2 Solar Energy 1095.3 Green Photocatalysis 1095.4 Organic Pollutants 1105.5 Reactive Species Responsible for Green Photocatalysis Treatment 1115.6 Advancements in Photocatalysts 1125.6.1 Titanium/Tin-Based Nanocomposite-Mediated Photocatalysis 1125.6.2 Synthesis of Various Nanocomposites as Photocatalysts 1145.6.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 1165.7 Green Treatment of Pollutants 1185.7.1 Photodegradation of Toxic Dyes 1185.7.2 Photodegradation of Antibiotics 1205.7.3 Photodegradation of Bisphenol BPA 1215.8 Conclusion 124References 1256 Treatment of Textile-Wastewater Using Green Technologies 129Shuchita Tomar, Mohammad Shahadat, S. Wazed Ali, Mangala Joshi and B.S. Butola6.1 Introduction 1306.1.1 Textile Industries: Causes of Water Pollution 1316.1.2 The Effect of Polluted Water Discharged From Textile Industries on the Environment 1336.1.3 Various Techniques for Effluent Treatment 1356.1.4 Physical Treatment Technique 1366.1.4.1 Adsorption Method 1366.1.4.2 Ion-Exchange Method 1376.1.4.3 Floatation 1376.1.5 Chemical Treatment Technique 1386.1.5.1 Chemical Precipitation Method 1386.1.5.2 Coagulation and Sedimentation Method 1386.1.6 Chemical Oxidation 1386.1.6.1 Ozonation Method 1396.1.6.2 Fenton Oxidation Method 1396.1.6.3 Evaporation 1396.1.6.4 Solar Evaporation Method 1416.1.7 Mechanical Evaporation Method 1416.2 Green Water Treatment Technique for Textile Effluents 1426.2.1 Electrocoagulation (EC) 1426.2.2 Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) 1446.2.3 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) 1446.2.4 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) 1456.2.5 Effluent Treatment Using Enzymes 1456.2.6 Membrane Filtration 1466.2.7 Bioadsorbents Process for Effluent Treatment 1466.2.7.1 Citrus Fruits 1506.2.7.2 Coir Fiber 1506.2.7.3 Coconut Shell–Activated Carbon 1516.3 Conclusions 151References 1517 Photocatalytic Activity of Green Mixed Matrix Membranes for Degradation of Anionic Dye 157Oladipo, Gabriel Opeoluwa, Alayande, Samson Oluwagbemiga, Ogunyinka Opeyemi O., Akinsiku, Anuoluwa Abimbola, Akinsipo-Oyelaja, Oyesolape Basirat, Ofudje Edwin Andrew, Bolarinwa Hakeem S., Akinlabi, Akinola Kehinde and Msagati, Titus, A.M.7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Materials and Methods 1607.2.1 Materials 1607.2.2 Methods 1607.2.2.1 Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles 1607.2.2.2 Preparation of Natural Rubber Composites 1607.2.3 Analysis 1617.2.3.1 Micrograph Analysis 1617.2.3.2 Structural Analysis 1617.2.3.3 Thermal Analysis 1617.2.3.4 Wetting Analysis 1617.2.3.5 Photocatalytic Performance 1617.3 Results and Discussion 1627.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Composites Membranes 1627.3.2 SEM-EDX of Composite Membranes 1637.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Composite Membranes 1677.3.4 Contact Angle Measurement of Composite Membranes 1677.3.5 Photodegradation of Composite Membranes 1697.4 Conclusion 175References 1758 Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 179Asim Ali Yaqoob, Claudia Guerrero–Barajas, Akil Ahmad, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim and Mohammed B. Alshammari8.1 Introduction 1808.2 Advanced Approaches for Wastewater Treatment 1828.2.1 Photocatalytic Method 1828.2.1.1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis 1848.2.2 Nanomembranes Technology 1858.2.2.1 Limitations and Future of the Nanomembranes Technology 1878.2.3 Utilization of Nanosorbent for Wastewater Treatment 1888.2.4 Microbial Fuel Cells as a Sustainable Technique 1908.2.4.1 Mechanism and Application of MFCs in Wastewater Treatment 1918.3 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 194Acknowledgments 195References 1959 PDMS-Supported Composite Materials as Oil Absorbent 203Nur Anis Syazmin, Mohammad Shahadat, Mohd Rizal Razali and Rohana Adnan9.1 Introduction 2039.2 Fabrications Techniques of PDMS Sponges as Oil Absorbent 2059.2.1 Sacrificial Templates 2059.2.2 Emulsion Templating Method 2079.2.3 Phase Separation Method 2109.2.4 3D Printing Techniques 2119.2.5 Gas-Forming Technique 2139.3 PDMS Sponges as an Oil/Water Separation 2169.4 Conclusion 217References 21810 Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Anode for Bioelectrochemical Systems: A Review 223Mohammad Danish Khan, Abdul Hakeem Anwer and Mohammad Zain Khan10.1 Introduction 22410.2 Conventional Anode Materials Based on Carbon 22610.3 Modification of Anode with Nanomaterials Based on Carbon 22610.4 Metal or Metal Oxide-Based Modified Anode 22810.5 Polymer-Based Modified Anode 23010.6 Polymer Nanocomposites for Anode Modification 23110.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 235References 23611 Electrospinning Setup Design and Modification for Fabrication of Photocatalytic Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Water Treatment 243N. Awang, A.M. Nasir, S.J. Fatihhi, A. Johari, S. Shaharuddin, A.H. Bakri, M.F.M. Alkbir, M.A.M. Yajid and J. Jaafar11.1 Introduction 24411.2 Application of Electrospun Nanofibers Polymeric Membranes (ENPM) on Wastewater Treatments 24711.3 Improvements in Morphology and Physical Structure of ENPM 25111.3.1 Surface Modification 25211.3.2 Chemical Modification 25411.4 Setup and Configurations of Electrospinning for Core-Sheath Structures of EPNM for Photocatalytic Membranes 25611.4.1 Impacts of Electrospinning Set Up on EPNM Structures 25611.4.1.1 Coaxial Electrospinning 25711.4.1.2 Electrospinning and Electrospraying 25911.4.1.3 Separation of the Melt Phase Technique 26211.4.1.4 Process of Electrospinning and Precipitation 26311.5 Future Directions and Challenges 26511.6 Conclusion 26711.7 Acknowledgment 267References 268Index 271