Green Aviation

Editors-in-Chief (Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering), Richard H. Blockley, Aerospace Consultant, Cranfield University, UK and formerly Head of Technical Programmes, BAE Systems, Farnborough, UK. Wei Shyy, Provost and Chair Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, China. Subject Editors: Ramesh Agarwal, The William Palm Professor of Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA. Author/co-author of over 300 publications, editorial team member of 13 journals, frequent speaker on sustainable air transport. Fayette Collier, NASA, USA; Director of NASA's Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project. Andreas Schäfer, Chair in Energy and Transport, UCL Energy Institute, London, UK. Research interests include energy and transportation systems analysis. Previously at International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the University of Cambridge, and Stanford University. Allan Seabridge, Seabridge Systems Ltd, Lytham St Annes, UK. Section Editor on Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering; Series Editor Wiley Aerospace Series.

• Contributors vii Foreword xiPreface xiiiPart 1 Overview 11 Aviation and Climate Change – The Continuing Challenge 32 Global Atmospheric Chemistry and Impacts from Aviation 153 Aviation Emissions 254 Emissions and Other Impacts: Introduction 355 Avoiding the Predictable Surprise: Early Action Is the Key to Building a Climate-Resilient Aviation Network 39Part 2 Aerodynamics and Airframe 516 Application of Drag Reduction Techniques to Transport Aircraft 537 Blended Wing Body Aircraft: A Historical Perspective 638 Fuel Burn Reduction Through Wing Morphing 73Part 3 Combustion-Based Propulsion 819 Advances in Turbofan Engines: A US Perspective 8310 A Rolls-Royce Perspective on Concepts and Technologies for Future Green Propulsion Systems 9511 Geared TurbofanTM Engine: Driven by Innovation 10512 Advanced Engine Designs and Concepts Beyond the Geared Turbofan 11313 Progress in Open Rotor Research 127Part 4 Alternative Propulsion 14514 Energy Optimization for Solar-Powered Aircraft 14715 Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft 16516 Biofuels for Green Aviation 17917 Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Auxiliary Power Units 19318 Electric Drives for Propulsion System of Transport Aircraft 20119 Lithium-Ion Batteries: Thermomechanics, Performance, and Design Optimization 221Part 5 Aerodynamics and Aircraft Concepts 23920 Damage Arresting Composites 24121 Greener Helicopters 253Part 6 Noise 26522 Aircraft Noise: Alleviating Constraints to Airport Operations and Growth 26723 Aircraft Noise Modeling 27724 Carbon and Noise Trading in Aviation 287Part 7 Systems 29925 Onboard Energy Management 30126 Impact of Airframe Systems on Green Airliner Operation 31127 Modern Avionics and ATM Systems for Green Operations 323Part 8 Operations 34128 Integrated Assessment Modeling 34329 Cost Analysis Approach in the Development of Advanced Technologies for Green Aviation Aircraft 35530 Green Aircraft Operations 36931 Impact of Airports on Local Air Quality 38132 A Roadmap for Aviation Research in Australia 391Part 9 Atmosphere and Climate 40133 Atmospheric Modeling 40334 In Plume Physics and Chemistry 41335 Contrails and Contrail Cirrus 42536 Radiative Forcing and Climate Change 43737 Atmospheric Composition 44738 Meteorology 459Subject Index 477