ARNOLD BLUMBERG is Professor of History at Towson State University in Maryland. A specialist in European and Middle Eastern diplomatic history, he is the author of A Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859 (1990), Zion Before Zionism (1986), A View from Jerusalem, 1849-1858 (1980), and (1971), as well as numerous articles.

• Preface Acknowledgments Akhenaton, King of Egypt (c. 1396-1360, B.C.E.) by Sheldon Avery Mustapha Kemal Pasha Ataturk, President of Turkey (1881-1938) by Karl Larew Prince Otto von Bismarck-Schoonhausen, Chancellor of Germany (1815-1898) by Eric A. Belgrad Fidel Castro, Premier of Cuba (1927-) by Gersham A. Nelson Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia (1729-1796) by Arnold Blumberg Camillo, Count Benso de Cavour, Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont and Italy (1810-1861) by Lawrence P. Adamczyk Charles I, King of England (1600-1649) by Gerald W. Morton Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1500-1558) by Eleanor L. Turk Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England (1599-1658) by Arnold Blumberg Charles de Gaulle, President of France (1890-1970) by Lucile Martineau Elizabeth I, Queen of England (1533-1603) by Clifton W. Potter, Jr. Francisco Franco Bahamonde, Chief of State of Spain (1892-1975) by Robert H. Whealey Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1830-1916) by Lawrence Sondhaus Indira Nehru Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (1917-1984) by Peter Merani Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party, and Later President of the Soviet Union (1931-) by David M. Crowe Henry VIII, King of England (1491-1547) by W. M. Spellman Herod the Great, King of Judea (c. 75 B.C.E.-4 B.C.E.) by H. W. Basser and Aaron Lichtenstein Toyotami Hideyoshi, Supreme Daimyo of Japan (1536-1598) by Wayne McWilliams Ho Chi Minh, President of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam (1890-1969) by Marilynn M. Larew Ivan IV, The Terrible, Grand Prince and Tsar of Moscow (1533-1584) by Alexander Sydorenko Bohdan Zynovyi Khel'nyts'kyi, Hetman of the Ukraine (c. 1595-1657) by Alexander Sydorenko Nikita Sergeevitch Khruschev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1894-1971) by David M. Crowe Pierre Laval, Premier of France (1883-1945) by Bertram M. Gordon V. I. Lenin, Revolutionary Leader of Russia (1870-1924) by J. Martin Ryle Leopold II, King of the Belgians (1835-1909) by Arnold Blumberg Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715) by Andrew Trout Mao Zedong, Dictator of the People's Republic of China (1893-1976) by Wayne McWilliams Mary I, Queen of England (1516-1558) by Arnold Blumberg Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa, Hetman of the Ukraine (c. 1632-1709) by Alexander Sydorenko Cosimo De' Medici, Head of the Council of the Republic of Florence (1389-1464) by Armin Mruck Clemens von Metternich, Chancellor of Austria (1773-1859) by Peter W. Becker Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (1769-1821) by Lawrence P. Adamczyk Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1808-1873) by Arnold Blumberg Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana (1909-1972) by Sheldon Avery Julius Kambarage Nyerere (1922-) by Sheldon Avery Juan Domingo Peron, President of Argentina (1895-1974) by James A. Baer Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia (1672-1725) by Harry Piotrowski Pheidon, King of Argos (First Half of the Seventh Century) by Carol G. Thomas Philip II, King of Spain (1527-1598) by Paul J. Hauben Abd al-Karim Qassem, Ruler of Iraq (1914-1953) by Reeva S. Simon Qin Shih Huang Di, Emperor of China (259 B.C.-210 B.C.) by Wayne C. McWilliams Stenka Razin, Cossack Rebel in Russia (c. 1630-1671) by Harry Piotrowski Richard II, King of England (1367-1399) by George B. Stow Richard III, King of England (1452-1485) by William B. Robison Maximilien Robespierre, Revolutionary Leader in France (1758-1794) by Robert Forster Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1879-1953) by Johnpeter H. Grill Pyotr Arkad'evich Stolypin, Prime Minister of Russia (1862-1911) by Jackson Taylor Josip Broz Tito, Leader of Yugoslavia (1892-1980) by Alexander Sydorenko Trajan, Emperor of Rome (53-117) by Thomas H. Watkins Vespasian, Emperor of Rome (9-79) by Thomas H. Watkins Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany (1859-1941) by Eleanor L. Turk Thomas Wolsey, Lord Chancellor of England (c. 1472-1530) by William B. Robison Index

ARNOLD BLUMBERG is Professor of History at Towson State University in Maryland. A specialist in European and Middle Eastern diplomatic history, he is the author of A Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859 (1990), Zion Before Zionism (1986), A View from Jerusalem, 1849-1858 (1980), and (1971), as well as numerous articles.

• Preface Acknowledgments Akhenaton, King of Egypt (c. 1396-1360, B.C.E.) by Sheldon Avery Mustapha Kemal Pasha Ataturk, President of Turkey (1881-1938) by Karl Larew Prince Otto von Bismarck-Schoonhausen, Chancellor of Germany (1815-1898) by Eric A. Belgrad Fidel Castro, Premier of Cuba (1927-) by Gersham A. Nelson Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia (1729-1796) by Arnold Blumberg Camillo, Count Benso de Cavour, Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont and Italy (1810-1861) by Lawrence P. Adamczyk Charles I, King of England (1600-1649) by Gerald W. Morton Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1500-1558) by Eleanor L. Turk Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England (1599-1658) by Arnold Blumberg Charles de Gaulle, President of France (1890-1970) by Lucile Martineau Elizabeth I, Queen of England (1533-1603) by Clifton W. Potter, Jr. Francisco Franco Bahamonde, Chief of State of Spain (1892-1975) by Robert H. Whealey Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1830-1916) by Lawrence Sondhaus Indira Nehru Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (1917-1984) by Peter Merani Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party, and Later President of the Soviet Union (1931-) by David M. Crowe Henry VIII, King of England (1491-1547) by W. M. Spellman Herod the Great, King of Judea (c. 75 B.C.E.-4 B.C.E.) by H. W. Basser and Aaron Lichtenstein Toyotami Hideyoshi, Supreme Daimyo of Japan (1536-1598) by Wayne McWilliams Ho Chi Minh, President of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam (1890-1969) by Marilynn M. Larew Ivan IV, The Terrible, Grand Prince and Tsar of Moscow (1533-1584) by Alexander Sydorenko Bohdan Zynovyi Khel'nyts'kyi, Hetman of the Ukraine (c. 1595-1657) by Alexander Sydorenko Nikita Sergeevitch Khruschev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1894-1971) by David M. Crowe Pierre Laval, Premier of France (1883-1945) by Bertram M. Gordon V. I. Lenin, Revolutionary Leader of Russia (1870-1924) by J. Martin Ryle Leopold II, King of the Belgians (1835-1909) by Arnold Blumberg Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715) by Andrew Trout Mao Zedong, Dictator of the People's Republic of China (1893-1976) by Wayne McWilliams Mary I, Queen of England (1516-1558) by Arnold Blumberg Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa, Hetman of the Ukraine (c. 1632-1709) by Alexander Sydorenko Cosimo De' Medici, Head of the Council of the Republic of Florence (1389-1464) by Armin Mruck Clemens von Metternich, Chancellor of Austria (1773-1859) by Peter W. Becker Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (1769-1821) by Lawrence P. Adamczyk Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1808-1873) by Arnold Blumberg Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana (1909-1972) by Sheldon Avery Julius Kambarage Nyerere (1922-) by Sheldon Avery Juan Domingo Peron, President of Argentina (1895-1974) by James A. Baer Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia (1672-1725) by Harry Piotrowski Pheidon, King of Argos (First Half of the Seventh Century) by Carol G. Thomas Philip II, King of Spain (1527-1598) by Paul J. Hauben Abd al-Karim Qassem, Ruler of Iraq (1914-1953) by Reeva S. Simon Qin Shih Huang Di, Emperor of China (259 B.C.-210 B.C.) by Wayne C. McWilliams Stenka Razin, Cossack Rebel in Russia (c. 1630-1671) by Harry Piotrowski Richard II, King of England (1367-1399) by George B. Stow Richard III, King of England (1452-1485) by William B. Robison Maximilien Robespierre, Revolutionary Leader in France (1758-1794) by Robert Forster Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1879-1953) by Johnpeter H. Grill Pyotr Arkad'evich Stolypin, Prime Minister of Russia (1862-1911) by Jackson Taylor Josip Broz Tito, Leader of Yugoslavia (1892-1980) by Alexander Sydorenko Trajan, Emperor of Rome (53-117) by Thomas H. Watkins Vespasian, Emperor of Rome (9-79) by Thomas H. Watkins Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany (1859-1941) by Eleanor L. Turk Thomas Wolsey, Lord Chancellor of England (c. 1472-1530) by William B. Robison Index

ARNOLD BLUMBERG is Professor of History at Towson State University in Maryland. A specialist in European and Middle Eastern diplomatic history, he is the author of A Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859 (1990), Zion Before Zionism (1986), A View from Jerusalem, 1849-1858 (1980), and (1971), as well as numerous articles.

• Preface Acknowledgments Akhenaton, King of Egypt (c. 1396-1360, B.C.E.) by Sheldon Avery Mustapha Kemal Pasha Ataturk, President of Turkey (1881-1938) by Karl Larew Prince Otto von Bismarck-Schoonhausen, Chancellor of Germany (1815-1898) by Eric A. Belgrad Fidel Castro, Premier of Cuba (1927-) by Gersham A. Nelson Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia (1729-1796) by Arnold Blumberg Camillo, Count Benso de Cavour, Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont and Italy (1810-1861) by Lawrence P. Adamczyk Charles I, King of England (1600-1649) by Gerald W. Morton Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1500-1558) by Eleanor L. Turk Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England (1599-1658) by Arnold Blumberg Charles de Gaulle, President of France (1890-1970) by Lucile Martineau Elizabeth I, Queen of England (1533-1603) by Clifton W. Potter, Jr. Francisco Franco Bahamonde, Chief of State of Spain (1892-1975) by Robert H. Whealey Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1830-1916) by Lawrence Sondhaus Indira Nehru Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (1917-1984) by Peter Merani Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party, and Later President of the Soviet Union (1931-) by David M. Crowe Henry VIII, King of England (1491-1547) by W. M. Spellman Herod the Great, King of Judea (c. 75 B.C.E.-4 B.C.E.) by H. W. Basser and Aaron Lichtenstein Toyotami Hideyoshi, Supreme Daimyo of Japan (1536-1598) by Wayne McWilliams Ho Chi Minh, President of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam (1890-1969) by Marilynn M. Larew Ivan IV, The Terrible, Grand Prince and Tsar of Moscow (1533-1584) by Alexander Sydorenko Bohdan Zynovyi Khel'nyts'kyi, Hetman of the Ukraine (c. 1595-1657) by Alexander Sydorenko Nikita Sergeevitch Khruschev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1894-1971) by David M. Crowe Pierre Laval, Premier of France (1883-1945) by Bertram M. Gordon V. I. Lenin, Revolutionary Leader of Russia (1870-1924) by J. Martin Ryle Leopold II, King of the Belgians (1835-1909) by Arnold Blumberg Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715) by Andrew Trout Mao Zedong, Dictator of the People's Republic of China (1893-1976) by Wayne McWilliams Mary I, Queen of England (1516-1558) by Arnold Blumberg Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa, Hetman of the Ukraine (c. 1632-1709) by Alexander Sydorenko Cosimo De' Medici, Head of the Council of the Republic of Florence (1389-1464) by Armin Mruck Clemens von Metternich, Chancellor of Austria (1773-1859) by Peter W. Becker Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (1769-1821) by Lawrence P. Adamczyk Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1808-1873) by Arnold Blumberg Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana (1909-1972) by Sheldon Avery Julius Kambarage Nyerere (1922-) by Sheldon Avery Juan Domingo Peron, President of Argentina (1895-1974) by James A. Baer Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia (1672-1725) by Harry Piotrowski Pheidon, King of Argos (First Half of the Seventh Century) by Carol G. Thomas Philip II, King of Spain (1527-1598) by Paul J. Hauben Abd al-Karim Qassem, Ruler of Iraq (1914-1953) by Reeva S. Simon Qin Shih Huang Di, Emperor of China (259 B.C.-210 B.C.) by Wayne C. McWilliams Stenka Razin, Cossack Rebel in Russia (c. 1630-1671) by Harry Piotrowski Richard II, King of England (1367-1399) by George B. Stow Richard III, King of England (1452-1485) by William B. Robison Maximilien Robespierre, Revolutionary Leader in France (1758-1794) by Robert Forster Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1879-1953) by Johnpeter H. Grill Pyotr Arkad'evich Stolypin, Prime Minister of Russia (1862-1911) by Jackson Taylor Josip Broz Tito, Leader of Yugoslavia (1892-1980) by Alexander Sydorenko Trajan, Emperor of Rome (53-117) by Thomas H. Watkins Vespasian, Emperor of Rome (9-79) by Thomas H. Watkins Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany (1859-1941) by Eleanor L. Turk Thomas Wolsey, Lord Chancellor of England (c. 1472-1530) by William B. Robison Index