Born in 1948, José Broekaert studied chemistry at the University of Gent, Belgium, graduating in 1970. After receiving his PhD from the University of Gent in 1976 and a stay in Germany as Alexander-von-Humboldt postdoctoral fellow the following year, he was a scientist at the ISAS, Dortmund from 1978 to 1991 and obtained the degree of "Geaggregeerde voor het hoger onderwijs" from the University of Antwerp, Belgium in 1985. He became associate professor at the University of Dortmund in 1991, full professor at the University of Leipzig in 1998 and, in 2002, joined the University of Hamburg. In 1998 he was a visiting Fulbright research scholar at Indiana University, Bloomington, USA. His main research interests include the development of plasma optical emission, atomic absorption and inorganic mass spectrometry methods and their application in solving analytical problems.

• Preface xiList of Contributors xiii1 Introduction 1R. K. Marcus and J. A. C. Broekaert1.1 Rationale 11.2 Glow Discharge Devices: Basic Operating Principles 31.3 Glow Discharge Devices: Scope of Application 61.4 Volume Outline 71.5 References 122 Optical Emission Spectrometry with Glow Discharges 15J. A. C. Broekaert2.1 Introduction 152.2 Glow Discharges 162.3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry 362.4 Material Ablation 492.5 Analyses with Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometry 552.6 Other Methods of Analysis and Outlook 632.7 References 673 Mass Spectrometry of Glow Discharges 71W. W. Harrison, C. Yang and E. Oxley3.1 Introduction 713.2 Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry 753.3 Instrumentation 823.4 Qualitative Considerations 913.5 Quantitative Analysis 923.6 Conclusions 953.7 References 954 Radio Frequency Glow Discharges 97R. K. Marcus4.1 Introduction 974.2 Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (rf-GD) Operation Principles 994.3 Comparisons with dc-Powered Glow Discharge Sources 1014.4 Instrumentation 1064.5 Analytical Applications 1124.6 Summary 1364.7 References 1365 Depth Profile Analysis 141A. Bengtson5.1 Introduction 1415.2 Instrumentation 1425.3 Practical Aspects and Results 1445.4 Conclusions 1535.5 References 1546 Numerical Modeling of Analytical Glow Discharges 155A. Bogaerts and R. Gijbels6.1 Introduction 1556.2 Description of the Models 1576.3 Results and Discussion 1706.4 Conclusion 2026.5 References 2037 Application of Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry in the Steel Industry 207K. Kakita7.1 Introduction 2077.2 Measurement Traceability of Coating Weight and Chemical Composition by GD-OES 2087.3 Method of Coating Analysis by GD-OES 2097.4 Depth Profiles of Coatings by GD-OES 2137.5 Factors Affecting Depth Profiles 2177.6 Validation and Verification of Calibration Graphs 2257.7 References 2298 Surfaces, Thin Films and Coatings 231R. Payling, P. Chapon, K. Shimizu, R. Passetemps, A. Jadin, Y. Bourgeois, K. Crener, M. Aeberhard and J. Michler8.1 Introduction 2318.2 Surfaces 2328.3 Thin Films 2388.4 Coatings 2438.5 Conclusions 2518.6 Acknowledgements 2518.7 References 2519 Comparison of Glow Discharge Atomic Spectrometry with Other Surface Analysis Methods 253K. Wagatsuma9.1 Introduction 2539.2 Surface Analysis Methods Competitive with Glow Discharge Spectrometry 2569.3 Analytical Examples 2639.4 References 27210 Analysis of Samples of Nuclear Concern with Glow Discharge Atomic Spectrometry 273M. Betti10.1 Introduction 27310.2 Instrumentation 27410.3 Practical Aspects and Results 27710.4 Conclusions 28810.5 Acknowledgements 28910.6 References 29011 Analysis of Nonconducting Materials by dc Glow Discharge Spectrometry 293A. Bogaerts, W. Schelles and R. Van Grieken11.1 Introduction 29311.2 Use of a Conducting Host Matrix 29411.3 Use of a Conducting Secondary Cathode 30111.4 Conclusion 31111.5 References 31412 Standards and Reference Materials for Glow Discharge Spectroscopies 317M. R. Winchester12.1 Introduction 31712.2 Practical Aspects 31812.3 Conclusions 33112.4 References 33213 Analysis of Liquid Samples Using Glow Discharge Spectroscopies 335R. K. Marcus13.1 Introduction 33513.2 Instrumentation 33613.3 Practical Aspects and Applications 34113.4 References 36014 GC Speciation with GDMS Detection 363J. A. Caruso and L. Milstein14.1 Introduction 36314.2 Elemental Speciation 36414.3 Instrumentation 36414.4 Practical Aspects and Results 37014.5 Conclusions 37814.6 References 37915 Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometry for the Analysis of Gases and as an Alternative Gas Chromatographic Detector 381R. Pereiro, N. G. Orellana-Velado and A. Sanz-Medel15.1 Introduction 38115.2 Instrumentation for the Analysis of Gases and Gas Chromatographic Detection by GD-AES 38615.3 Practical Aspects and Results 39215.4 Conclusions 39915.5 References 39916 Low-pressure Inductively Coupled Plasmas 401H. Evans16.1 Introduction 40116.2 Fundamentals 40316.3 Instrumentation 40716.4 Practical Aspects and Results 41616.5 Conclusions 43016.6 References 43017 Multidimensional Ionization Sources for Plasma-source Mass Spectrometry 435J. P. Guzowski, Jr and G. M. Hieftje17.1 Introduction 43517.2 Tandem Sources in PSMS 43717.3 Multipurpose Ionization Sources for PSMS 44117.4 Conclusions 46317.5 Acknowledgments 46317.6 References 464Index 469

"...very valuable for those interested in this rapidly expanding and diagnostically important area."Journal of the American Chemical SocietyVol. 125, NO. 39

Born in 1948, José Broekaert studied chemistry at the University of Gent, Belgium, graduating in 1970. After receiving his PhD from the University of Gent in 1976 and a stay in Germany as Alexander-von-Humboldt postdoctoral fellow the following year, he was a scientist at the ISAS, Dortmund from 1978 to 1991 and obtained the degree of "Geaggregeerde voor het hoger onderwijs" from the University of Antwerp, Belgium in 1985. He became associate professor at the University of Dortmund in 1991, full professor at the University of Leipzig in 1998 and, in 2002, joined the University of Hamburg. In 1998 he was a visiting Fulbright research scholar at Indiana University, Bloomington, USA. His main research interests include the development of plasma optical emission, atomic absorption and inorganic mass spectrometry methods and their application in solving analytical problems.

• Preface xiList of Contributors xiii1 Introduction 1R. K. Marcus and J. A. C. Broekaert1.1 Rationale 11.2 Glow Discharge Devices: Basic Operating Principles 31.3 Glow Discharge Devices: Scope of Application 61.4 Volume Outline 71.5 References 122 Optical Emission Spectrometry with Glow Discharges 15J. A. C. Broekaert2.1 Introduction 152.2 Glow Discharges 162.3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry 362.4 Material Ablation 492.5 Analyses with Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometry 552.6 Other Methods of Analysis and Outlook 632.7 References 673 Mass Spectrometry of Glow Discharges 71W. W. Harrison, C. Yang and E. Oxley3.1 Introduction 713.2 Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry 753.3 Instrumentation 823.4 Qualitative Considerations 913.5 Quantitative Analysis 923.6 Conclusions 953.7 References 954 Radio Frequency Glow Discharges 97R. K. Marcus4.1 Introduction 974.2 Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (rf-GD) Operation Principles 994.3 Comparisons with dc-Powered Glow Discharge Sources 1014.4 Instrumentation 1064.5 Analytical Applications 1124.6 Summary 1364.7 References 1365 Depth Profile Analysis 141A. Bengtson5.1 Introduction 1415.2 Instrumentation 1425.3 Practical Aspects and Results 1445.4 Conclusions 1535.5 References 1546 Numerical Modeling of Analytical Glow Discharges 155A. Bogaerts and R. Gijbels6.1 Introduction 1556.2 Description of the Models 1576.3 Results and Discussion 1706.4 Conclusion 2026.5 References 2037 Application of Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry in the Steel Industry 207K. Kakita7.1 Introduction 2077.2 Measurement Traceability of Coating Weight and Chemical Composition by GD-OES 2087.3 Method of Coating Analysis by GD-OES 2097.4 Depth Profiles of Coatings by GD-OES 2137.5 Factors Affecting Depth Profiles 2177.6 Validation and Verification of Calibration Graphs 2257.7 References 2298 Surfaces, Thin Films and Coatings 231R. Payling, P. Chapon, K. Shimizu, R. Passetemps, A. Jadin, Y. Bourgeois, K. Crener, M. Aeberhard and J. Michler8.1 Introduction 2318.2 Surfaces 2328.3 Thin Films 2388.4 Coatings 2438.5 Conclusions 2518.6 Acknowledgements 2518.7 References 2519 Comparison of Glow Discharge Atomic Spectrometry with Other Surface Analysis Methods 253K. Wagatsuma9.1 Introduction 2539.2 Surface Analysis Methods Competitive with Glow Discharge Spectrometry 2569.3 Analytical Examples 2639.4 References 27210 Analysis of Samples of Nuclear Concern with Glow Discharge Atomic Spectrometry 273M. Betti10.1 Introduction 27310.2 Instrumentation 27410.3 Practical Aspects and Results 27710.4 Conclusions 28810.5 Acknowledgements 28910.6 References 29011 Analysis of Nonconducting Materials by dc Glow Discharge Spectrometry 293A. Bogaerts, W. Schelles and R. Van Grieken11.1 Introduction 29311.2 Use of a Conducting Host Matrix 29411.3 Use of a Conducting Secondary Cathode 30111.4 Conclusion 31111.5 References 31412 Standards and Reference Materials for Glow Discharge Spectroscopies 317M. R. Winchester12.1 Introduction 31712.2 Practical Aspects 31812.3 Conclusions 33112.4 References 33213 Analysis of Liquid Samples Using Glow Discharge Spectroscopies 335R. K. Marcus13.1 Introduction 33513.2 Instrumentation 33613.3 Practical Aspects and Applications 34113.4 References 36014 GC Speciation with GDMS Detection 363J. A. Caruso and L. Milstein14.1 Introduction 36314.2 Elemental Speciation 36414.3 Instrumentation 36414.4 Practical Aspects and Results 37014.5 Conclusions 37814.6 References 37915 Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometry for the Analysis of Gases and as an Alternative Gas Chromatographic Detector 381R. Pereiro, N. G. Orellana-Velado and A. Sanz-Medel15.1 Introduction 38115.2 Instrumentation for the Analysis of Gases and Gas Chromatographic Detection by GD-AES 38615.3 Practical Aspects and Results 39215.4 Conclusions 39915.5 References 39916 Low-pressure Inductively Coupled Plasmas 401H. Evans16.1 Introduction 40116.2 Fundamentals 40316.3 Instrumentation 40716.4 Practical Aspects and Results 41616.5 Conclusions 43016.6 References 43017 Multidimensional Ionization Sources for Plasma-source Mass Spectrometry 435J. P. Guzowski, Jr and G. M. Hieftje17.1 Introduction 43517.2 Tandem Sources in PSMS 43717.3 Multipurpose Ionization Sources for PSMS 44117.4 Conclusions 46317.5 Acknowledgments 46317.6 References 464Index 469

"...very valuable for those interested in this rapidly expanding and diagnostically important area."Journal of the American Chemical SocietyVol. 125, NO. 39

Born in 1948, José Broekaert studied chemistry at the University of Gent, Belgium, graduating in 1970. After receiving his PhD from the University of Gent in 1976 and a stay in Germany as Alexander-von-Humboldt postdoctoral fellow the following year, he was a scientist at the ISAS, Dortmund from 1978 to 1991 and obtained the degree of "Geaggregeerde voor het hoger onderwijs" from the University of Antwerp, Belgium in 1985. He became associate professor at the University of Dortmund in 1991, full professor at the University of Leipzig in 1998 and, in 2002, joined the University of Hamburg. In 1998 he was a visiting Fulbright research scholar at Indiana University, Bloomington, USA. His main research interests include the development of plasma optical emission, atomic absorption and inorganic mass spectrometry methods and their application in solving analytical problems.

• Preface xiList of Contributors xiii1 Introduction 1R. K. Marcus and J. A. C. Broekaert1.1 Rationale 11.2 Glow Discharge Devices: Basic Operating Principles 31.3 Glow Discharge Devices: Scope of Application 61.4 Volume Outline 71.5 References 122 Optical Emission Spectrometry with Glow Discharges 15J. A. C. Broekaert2.1 Introduction 152.2 Glow Discharges 162.3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry 362.4 Material Ablation 492.5 Analyses with Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometry 552.6 Other Methods of Analysis and Outlook 632.7 References 673 Mass Spectrometry of Glow Discharges 71W. W. Harrison, C. Yang and E. Oxley3.1 Introduction 713.2 Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry 753.3 Instrumentation 823.4 Qualitative Considerations 913.5 Quantitative Analysis 923.6 Conclusions 953.7 References 954 Radio Frequency Glow Discharges 97R. K. Marcus4.1 Introduction 974.2 Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (rf-GD) Operation Principles 994.3 Comparisons with dc-Powered Glow Discharge Sources 1014.4 Instrumentation 1064.5 Analytical Applications 1124.6 Summary 1364.7 References 1365 Depth Profile Analysis 141A. Bengtson5.1 Introduction 1415.2 Instrumentation 1425.3 Practical Aspects and Results 1445.4 Conclusions 1535.5 References 1546 Numerical Modeling of Analytical Glow Discharges 155A. Bogaerts and R. Gijbels6.1 Introduction 1556.2 Description of the Models 1576.3 Results and Discussion 1706.4 Conclusion 2026.5 References 2037 Application of Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry in the Steel Industry 207K. Kakita7.1 Introduction 2077.2 Measurement Traceability of Coating Weight and Chemical Composition by GD-OES 2087.3 Method of Coating Analysis by GD-OES 2097.4 Depth Profiles of Coatings by GD-OES 2137.5 Factors Affecting Depth Profiles 2177.6 Validation and Verification of Calibration Graphs 2257.7 References 2298 Surfaces, Thin Films and Coatings 231R. Payling, P. Chapon, K. Shimizu, R. Passetemps, A. Jadin, Y. Bourgeois, K. Crener, M. Aeberhard and J. Michler8.1 Introduction 2318.2 Surfaces 2328.3 Thin Films 2388.4 Coatings 2438.5 Conclusions 2518.6 Acknowledgements 2518.7 References 2519 Comparison of Glow Discharge Atomic Spectrometry with Other Surface Analysis Methods 253K. Wagatsuma9.1 Introduction 2539.2 Surface Analysis Methods Competitive with Glow Discharge Spectrometry 2569.3 Analytical Examples 2639.4 References 27210 Analysis of Samples of Nuclear Concern with Glow Discharge Atomic Spectrometry 273M. Betti10.1 Introduction 27310.2 Instrumentation 27410.3 Practical Aspects and Results 27710.4 Conclusions 28810.5 Acknowledgements 28910.6 References 29011 Analysis of Nonconducting Materials by dc Glow Discharge Spectrometry 293A. Bogaerts, W. Schelles and R. Van Grieken11.1 Introduction 29311.2 Use of a Conducting Host Matrix 29411.3 Use of a Conducting Secondary Cathode 30111.4 Conclusion 31111.5 References 31412 Standards and Reference Materials for Glow Discharge Spectroscopies 317M. R. Winchester12.1 Introduction 31712.2 Practical Aspects 31812.3 Conclusions 33112.4 References 33213 Analysis of Liquid Samples Using Glow Discharge Spectroscopies 335R. K. Marcus13.1 Introduction 33513.2 Instrumentation 33613.3 Practical Aspects and Applications 34113.4 References 36014 GC Speciation with GDMS Detection 363J. A. Caruso and L. Milstein14.1 Introduction 36314.2 Elemental Speciation 36414.3 Instrumentation 36414.4 Practical Aspects and Results 37014.5 Conclusions 37814.6 References 37915 Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometry for the Analysis of Gases and as an Alternative Gas Chromatographic Detector 381R. Pereiro, N. G. Orellana-Velado and A. Sanz-Medel15.1 Introduction 38115.2 Instrumentation for the Analysis of Gases and Gas Chromatographic Detection by GD-AES 38615.3 Practical Aspects and Results 39215.4 Conclusions 39915.5 References 39916 Low-pressure Inductively Coupled Plasmas 401H. Evans16.1 Introduction 40116.2 Fundamentals 40316.3 Instrumentation 40716.4 Practical Aspects and Results 41616.5 Conclusions 43016.6 References 43017 Multidimensional Ionization Sources for Plasma-source Mass Spectrometry 435J. P. Guzowski, Jr and G. M. Hieftje17.1 Introduction 43517.2 Tandem Sources in PSMS 43717.3 Multipurpose Ionization Sources for PSMS 44117.4 Conclusions 46317.5 Acknowledgments 46317.6 References 464Index 469

"...very valuable for those interested in this rapidly expanding and diagnostically important area."Journal of the American Chemical SocietyVol. 125, NO. 39