Global Epidemiology of Cancer

About the AuthorsJahangir Moini, MD, MPH, is an international author of 46 medical textbooks for various publishers including Elsevier, McGraw-Hill, Pearson, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Cengage Learning, and Routledge. In addition to continuing his venture as an author, he has been a professor for over 40 years. He is a retired professor with the Eastern Florida State College Science & Health Department. Nicholas G. Avgeropoulos, MD, is the co-director of the brain and spine tumor program at Orlando Health / UF Health Cancer Center. His specialties are in neuro-oncology and cancer neurology. Craig Badolato, MD, is a medical oncologist at U.S. Oncology in Melbourne, Florida. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine, Hematology, and Medical Oncology.

• About the Authors xvPreface xviiAcknowledgments xixPart I Introduction 11 Pathogenesis of Cancer 3The Origin of Cancer 3Cancer Biology 7Genetics and Cancer 9Cell Division 11Cell Cycle 12Carcinogenesis 14Mutation and Cancer 16Metastasis 17Key Terms 20Bibliography 202 Global Epidemiology of Cancer 23Incidence 23Prevalence 24Survival 26Distribution of Cancer by Gender, Race, and Age 28Global Burden of Cancer 29Global Trends in Cancer 31Global Prevalence of Cancer 32Global Incidence and Mortality 32Mortality due to Cancer in the United States 33Risk Factors for Cancer Development 34Years of Life Lost 36Disability-Adjusted Life Years 36Global Cancer Prevention 36Key Terms 38Bibliography 38Part II Cancers of the Body Systems 413 Brain and Spine Tumors 43Benign / Low Grade Tumors 43Meningioma 44Hemangioma 48Neurofibroma 51Schwannoma 53Astrocytoma 55Pituitary Adenoma 59Malignant Tumors 62Pituitary Carcinoma 63Pineoblastoma 65Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma 67Anaplastic Ependymoma 69Anaplastic Astrocytoma 70Embryonal Carcinoma 73Choriocarcinoma 74Teratoma 75Metastatic Tumors 77Key Terms 80Bibliography 814 Endocrine Tumors 85Thyroid Adenoma 85Thyroid Cancers 87Papillary Carcinoma 87Follicular Carcinoma 91Medullary Carcinoma 93Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma 96Parathyroid Tumors 98Adenoma 98Carcinoma 100Thymus Tumors 102Thymoma 102Thymolipoma 105Thymoliposarcoma 106Adrenal Tumors 108Adenoma of the Cortex 108Carcinoma of the Cortex 110Pheochromocytoma 114Neuroblastoma 116Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 119Key Terms 124Bibliography 1245 Respiratory Tumors 127Nasopharyngeal Tumors 127Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma 127Nasopharyngeal Hemangioma 128Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma 128Laryngeal Cancer 131Lung Cancer 135Bronchial Carcinoma 148Carcinoid Tumors 151Mesothelioma 155Key Terms 161Bibliography 1616 Digestive Tumors 165Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer 165Esophageal Cancer 171Stomach Cancer 176Small-Bowel Tumors 180Familial Adenomatous Polyposis 183Colorectal Tumors 186Anorectal Cancer 191Pancreatic Cancer 194Liver and Biliary Tract Cancers 198Hepatocellular Carcinoma 198Liver Metastases 201Gallbladder Cancer 204Key Terms 208Bibliography 2087 Lymphatic and Blood Cancer 211Lymphomas 211Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 211Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 216Multiple Myeloma 222Leukemias 225Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 226Acute Myeloid Leukemia 230Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 234Chronic Myeloid Leukemia 237Key Terms 239Bibliography 2408 Male Reproductive Tumors 243Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 243Prostate Cancer 248Testicular Cancer 256Penile Cancer 261Key Terms 264Bibliography 2659 Female Reproductive Tumors 269Benign Breast Tumors 269Breast Cancer 272Benign Ovarian Masses 286Ovarian Cancer 290Uterine Fibroids 296Endometrial Cancer 300Uterine Sarcoma 306Choriocarcinoma 309Cervical Polyps 311Cervical Cancer 312Vaginal and Vulvar Cancer 318Key Terms 321Bibliography 32210 Skin Tumors 327Moles 327Dermatofibromas 331Infantile Hemangiomas 332Lipoma and Liposarcoma 335Keloids 337Melanoma 338Basal Cell Carcinoma 343Squamous Cell Carcinoma 347Bowen Disease 350Merkel Cell Skin Cancer 353Kaposi Sarcoma 355Key Terms 359Bibliography 35911 Bone Tumors 363Benign Bone Tumors 363Multiple Myeloma 368Osteosarcoma 368Chondrosarcoma 373Ewing Sarcoma 376Giant Cell Tumor of Bone 379Metastatic Bone Tumors 383Key Terms 386Bibliography 38612 Kidney and Urinary Bladder Tumors 391Adenoma 391Angiomyolipoma 393Renal Cell Carcinoma 395Renal Sarcoma 400Wilms’ Tumor 402Metastatic Tumors 406Urinary Bladder Cancer 408Transitional Cell Carcinoma 408Squamous Cell Carcinoma 411Adenocarcinoma 413Key Terms 415Bibliography 41513 Diagnostic Procedures 421Traditional X-rays 421Computed Tomography 424Positron Emission Tomography 428Magnetic Resonance Imaging 431Doppler and Duplex Doppler Ultrasonography 434Transrectal Ultrasonography 436Mammography 436Nuclear Medicine 439Endoscopy 441Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography 444Biopsy 444Lumbar Puncture 445Hematology Tests 447Urinalysis 448Genetic Testing 450Key Terms 451Bibliography 452Part III Treatment of Cancers 45514 Surgical Oncology 457Biopsy Techniques 457Fine-Needle Aspiration 457Core-Needle Biopsy 459Open Biopsy 461Endoscopic Biopsies 462Cardiopulmonary Factors 462Hematologic Factors 463Gastrointestinal Factors 464Geriatric Factors 464Medications Affecting Surgery 467Anesthesia 468Resection 469Tumor Margins 469Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy 470Minimally Invasive Procedures 470Emergent Surgery 472Key Terms 472Bibliography 47315 Radiation Therapy 475The Purpose of Radiation Therapy 476Radiobiology 476Cellular Response to Radiation 476The Cell Cycle and Radiosensitivity 477Cell Death 478Factors Affecting the Biology of Cancers 479Oxygen Effect 479Dose Rate 480Relative Biologic Effectiveness 480Radiosensitivity 480Apoptosis 480Linear Energy Transfer 481Fractionation 481Types of Radiation Therapy 483External Beam Radiation Therapy 483Stereotactic Radiosurgery 485Adaptive Planning 486Charged Particle External Beam Radiation Therapy 487Heavy Charged Particle External Beam Radiation Therapy 487Brachytherapy 487Radionuclide Therapy 489Intraoperative Radiotherapy 489Combined-Modality Therapy 489Hyperthermia 490Accidental Radiation Exposure 492Acute Radiation Syndrome 493Cutaneous Syndrome 493Gastrointestinal Syndrome 493Hematopoietic Syndrome 493Cerebrovascular Syndrome 493Radiation on the Embryo and Fetus 494Radiation and Malignancies 494Special Populations 495Pregnant Women 495Children 495Elderly 495Key Terms 495Bibliography 49516 Chemotherapy 499Pharmacology of Chemotherapeutic Drugs 500Principles of Pharmacokinetics 500Pharmacogenomics 502Drug Interactions with Chemotherapy 503Antineoplastic Drugs 503Classic Alkylating Agents 505Platinum Analogs 507Miscellaneous Alkylating Agents 508Anthracycline Antibiotics 508Miscellaneous Antitumor Antibiotics 510Folate Antagonists 510Purine Analogs 512Pyrimidine Analogs 513Vinca Alkaloids 514Taxanes 515Hormonal Therapies 517Chemotherapy-Induced Adverse Effects 520Bone Marrow Suppression 520Anemia 520Insomnia 521Cognitive Dysfunction 522Fatigue 522Thrombocytopenia 522Neutropenia 523Tumor Lysis Syndrome 525Gastrointestinal Tract Toxicity 526Integumentary Toxicity 528Cardiotoxicity 529Neurotoxicity 531Pulmonary Toxicity 536Nephrotoxicity 538Hepatotoxicity 540Key Terms 542Bibliography 54217 Immunotherapy 545Immunology Overview 545Innate Immunity 545Adaptive Immunity 546Cytokines 546Antigen Presentation Cell 546Tumor Escape Mechanisms 547Interleukin-2 548Biological Activity 548Indications of Interleukin-2 549Interferons 550Bacillus Calmette-Guérin 551Cancer Vaccines 551Major Histocompatibility Complex 552Immunoadjuvants 553Human Papillomavirus 553Prostate Cancer 554Clinical Studies of New Vaccines 554Key Terms 556Bibliography 55618 Gene Therapy 559Gene Therapy Regulation 559Cancer Gene Therapy 560Cancer Gene Therapy Protocols 560Tumor-Directed Gene Therapy Protocols 560Suicide Gene Therapy 560Tumor-Suppressor Gene Therapy 561Antisense Oligonucleotides 561Oncolytic Viral Gene Therapy 562Active Immunotherapy 562Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes 562Cytokine Genes 563DNA Vaccines 563Adoptive Immunotherapy 563Chimeric Receptors 564Tumor-Specific T Cells 565Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics 565Ethical, Social and Legal Issues 566Key Terms 569Bibliography 569Glossary 571Index 593