About the Editors Scott N. Johnson is Senior Lecturer in Ecology at the Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment (HIE) at Western Sydney University. T. Hefin Jones is Senior Lecturer in Ecology at the School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, and an Editor of the journals Global Change Biology and Agricultural and Forest Entomology.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xvii1 Introduction to Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates 1Scott N. Johnson and T. Hefin Jones1.1 Background 11.2 Predictions for Climate and Atmospheric Change 21.3 General Mechanisms for Climate Change Impacts on Invertebrates 21.4 Themes of the Book 4Acknowledgements 7References 7Part I Methods for Studying Invertebrates and Climate Change 92 Using Historical Data for Studying Range Changes 11Georgina Palmer and Jane K. HillSummary 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Review of Historical Data Sets on Species’ Distributions 132.3 Methods for Using Historical Data to Estimate Species’ Range Changes 152.4 Challenges and Biases in Historical Data 192.5 New Ways of Analysing Data and Future Perspectives 23Acknowledgements 24References 243 Experimental Approaches for Assessing Invertebrate Responses to Global Change Factors 30Richard L. Lindroth and Kenneth F. RaffaSummary 303.1 Introduction 303.2 Experimental Scale: Reductionist, Holistic and Integrated Approaches 323.3 Experimental Design: Statistical Concerns 333.4 Experimental Endpoints: Match Metrics to Systems 353.5 Experimental Systems: Manipulations From Bottle to Field 363.6 Team Science: the Human Dimension 403.7 Conclusions 41Acknowledgements 42References 424 Transplant Experiments – a Powerful Method to Study Climate Change Impacts 46Sabine S. Nooten and Nigel R. AndrewSummary 464.1 Global Climate Change 464.2 Climate Change Impacts on Species 474.3 Climate Change Impacts on Communities 484.4 Common Approaches to Study Climate Change Impacts 484.5 Transplant Experiments – a Powerful Tool to Study Climate Change 494.6 Transplant Experiment Trends Using Network Analysis 574.7 What’s Missing in Our Current Approaches? Next Steps for Implementing Transplant Experiments 60Acknowledgements 62References 62Part II Friends and Foes: Ecosystem Service Providers and Vectors of Disease 695 Insect Pollinators and Climate Change 71Jessica R. K. ForrestSummary 715.1 Introduction 715.2 The Pattern: Pollinator Populations and Climate Change 725.3 TheProcess: Direct Effects of Climate Change 765.4 The Process: Indirect Effects of Climate Change 815.5 Synthesis, and the View Ahead 83Acknowledgements 84References 846 Climate Change Effects on Biological Control in Grasslands 92Philippa J. Gerard and Alison J. PopaySummary 926.1 Introduction 926.2 Changes in Plant Biodiversity 946.3 Multitrophic Interactions and Food Webs 946.4 Greater Exposure to Extreme Events 1026.5 Range Changes 1036.6 Greater Exposure to Pest Outbreaks 1046.7 Non-Target Impacts 1046.8 Conclusion 105Acknowledgements 105References 1057 Climate Change and Arthropod Ectoparasites and Vectors of Veterinary Importance 111Hannah Rose Vineer, Lauren Ellse and Richard WallSummary 1117.1 Introduction 1117.2 Parasite–Host Interactions 1137.3 Evidence of the Impacts of Climate on Ectoparasites and Vectors 1147.4 Impact of Human Behaviour and Husbandry on Ectoparasitism 1167.5 Farmer Intervention as a Density-Dependent Process 1187.6 Predicting Future Impacts of Climate Change on Ectoparasites and Vectors 118Acknowledgements 123References 1238 Climate Change and the Biology of Insect Vectors of Human Pathogens 126Luis Fernando ChavesSummary 1268.1 Introduction 1268.2 Interaction with Pathogens 1298.3 Physiology, Development and Phenology 1318.4 Population Dynamics, Life History and Interactions with Other Vector Species 1328.5 Case Study of Forecasts for Vector Distribution Under Climate Change: The Altitudinal Range ofAedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus in Nagasaki, Japan 1348.6 Vector Ecology and Evolution in Changing Environments 138Acknowledgements 139References 1409 Climate and Atmospheric Change Impacts on Aphids as Vectors of Plant Diseases 148James M. W. Ryalls and Richard HarringtonSummary 1489.1 The Disease Pyramid 1489.2 Interactions with the Pyramid 1559.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 162Acknowledgements 163References 164Part III Multi-Trophic Interactions and Invertebrate Communities 17710 Global Change, Herbivores and Their Natural Enemies 179William T. Hentley and Ruth N. WadeSummary 17910.1 Introduction 18010.2 Global Climate Change and Insect Herbivores 18110.3 Global Climate Change and Natural Enemies of Insect Herbivores 18510.4 Multiple Abiotic Factors 19110.5 Conclusions 192Acknowledgements 193References 19311 Climate Change in the Underworld: Impacts for Soil-Dwelling Invertebrates 201Ivan Hiltpold, Scott N. Johnson, Renée-Claire Le Bayon and Uffe N. NielsenSummary 20111.1 Introduction 20111.2 Effect of Climate Change on Nematodes: Omnipresent Soil Invertebrates 20311.3 Effect of Climate Change on Insect Root Herbivores, the Grazers of the Dark 20711.4 Effect of Climate Change on Earthworms: the Crawling Engineers of Soil 21211.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 216Acknowledgements 217References 21812 Impacts of Atmospheric and Precipitation Change on Aboveground-Belowground Invertebrate Interactions 229Scott N. Johnson, James M.W. Ryalls and Joanna T. StaleySummary 22912.1 Introduction 22912.2 Atmospheric Change – Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 23312.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 242Acknowledgements 245References 24513 Forest Invertebrate Communities and Atmospheric Change 252Sarah L. Facey and Andrew N. GherlendaSummary 25213.1 Why Are Forest Invertebrate Communities Important? 25313.2 Atmospheric Change and Invertebrates 25313.3 Responses of Forest Invertebrates to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 25413.4 Responses of Forest Invertebrates to Elevated Ozone Concentrations 26313.5 Interactions Between Carbon Dioxide and Ozone 26513.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 267Acknowledgements 268References 26814 Climate Change and Freshwater Invertebrates: Their Role in Reciprocal Freshwater–Terrestrial Resource Fluxes 274Micael Jonsson and Cristina CanhotoSummary 27414.1 Introduction 27414.2 Climate-Change Effects on Riparian and Shoreline Vegetation 27514.3 Climate-Change Effects on Runoff of Dissolved Organic Matter 27714.4 Climate Change Effects on Basal Freshwater Resources Via Modified Terrestrial Inputs 27814.5 Effects of Altered Terrestrial Resource Fluxes on Freshwater Invertebrates 27914.6 Direct Effects of Warming on Freshwater Invertebrates 28014.7 Impacts of Altered Freshwater Invertebrate Emergence on Terrestrial Ecosystems 28214.8 Conclusions and Research Directions 284Acknowledgements 286References 28615 Climatic Impacts on Invertebrates as Food for Vertebrates 295Robert J. Thomas, James O. Vafidis and Renata J. MedeirosSummary 29515.1 Introduction 29515.2 Changes in the Abundance of Vertebrates 29615.3 Changes in the Distribution of Vertebrates 30015.4 Changes in Phenology of Vertebrates, and Their Invertebrate Prey 30315.5 Conclusions 30715.6 Postscript: Beyond the Year 2100 308Acknowledgements 308References 308Part IV Evolution, Intervention and Emerging Perspectives 31716 Evolutionary Responses of Invertebrates to Global Climate Change: the Role of Life-History Trade-Offs and Multidecadal Climate Shifts 319Jofre Carnicer, Chris Wheat, Maria Vives, Andreu Ubach, Cristina Domingo, Sören Nylin, Constantí Stefanescu, Roger Vila, Christer Wiklund and Josep PeñuelasSummary 31916.1 Introduction 31916.2 Fundamental Trade-Offs Mediating Invertebrate Evolutionary Responses to Global Warming 32716.3 The Roles of Multi-Annual Extreme Droughts and Multidecadal Shifts in Drought Regimens in Driving Large-Scale Responses of Insect Populations 33316.4 Conclusions and New Research Directions 337Acknowledgements 339References 33917 Conservation of Insects in the Face of Global Climate Change 349Paula Arribas, Pedro Abellán, Josefa Velasco, Andrés Millán and David Sánchez-FernándezSummary 34917.1 Introduction 34917.2 Vulnerability Drivers of Insect Species Under Climate Change 35217.3 Assessment of Insect Species Vulnerability to Climate Change 35317.4 Management Strategies for Insect Conservation Under Climate Change 35517.5 Protected Areas and Climate Change 35717.6 Perspectives on Insect Conservation Facing Climate Change 359Acknowledgements 360References 36118 Emerging Issues and Future Perspectives for Global Climate Change and Invertebrates 368Scott N. Johnson and T. Hefin Jones18.1 Preamble 36818.2 Multiple Organisms, Asynchrony and Adaptation in Climate Change Studies 36818.3 Multiple Climatic Factors in Research 36918.4 Research Into Extreme Climatic Events 37118.5 Climate change and Invertebrate Biosecurity 37218.6 Concluding Remarks 374References 374Species Index 379Subject Index 385

About the Editors Scott N. Johnson is Senior Lecturer in Ecology at the Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment (HIE) at Western Sydney University. T. Hefin Jones is Senior Lecturer in Ecology at the School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, and an Editor of the journals Global Change Biology and Agricultural and Forest Entomology.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xvii1 Introduction to Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates 1Scott N. Johnson and T. Hefin Jones1.1 Background 11.2 Predictions for Climate and Atmospheric Change 21.3 General Mechanisms for Climate Change Impacts on Invertebrates 21.4 Themes of the Book 4Acknowledgements 7References 7Part I Methods for Studying Invertebrates and Climate Change 92 Using Historical Data for Studying Range Changes 11Georgina Palmer and Jane K. HillSummary 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Review of Historical Data Sets on Species’ Distributions 132.3 Methods for Using Historical Data to Estimate Species’ Range Changes 152.4 Challenges and Biases in Historical Data 192.5 New Ways of Analysing Data and Future Perspectives 23Acknowledgements 24References 243 Experimental Approaches for Assessing Invertebrate Responses to Global Change Factors 30Richard L. Lindroth and Kenneth F. RaffaSummary 303.1 Introduction 303.2 Experimental Scale: Reductionist, Holistic and Integrated Approaches 323.3 Experimental Design: Statistical Concerns 333.4 Experimental Endpoints: Match Metrics to Systems 353.5 Experimental Systems: Manipulations From Bottle to Field 363.6 Team Science: the Human Dimension 403.7 Conclusions 41Acknowledgements 42References 424 Transplant Experiments – a Powerful Method to Study Climate Change Impacts 46Sabine S. Nooten and Nigel R. AndrewSummary 464.1 Global Climate Change 464.2 Climate Change Impacts on Species 474.3 Climate Change Impacts on Communities 484.4 Common Approaches to Study Climate Change Impacts 484.5 Transplant Experiments – a Powerful Tool to Study Climate Change 494.6 Transplant Experiment Trends Using Network Analysis 574.7 What’s Missing in Our Current Approaches? Next Steps for Implementing Transplant Experiments 60Acknowledgements 62References 62Part II Friends and Foes: Ecosystem Service Providers and Vectors of Disease 695 Insect Pollinators and Climate Change 71Jessica R. K. ForrestSummary 715.1 Introduction 715.2 The Pattern: Pollinator Populations and Climate Change 725.3 TheProcess: Direct Effects of Climate Change 765.4 The Process: Indirect Effects of Climate Change 815.5 Synthesis, and the View Ahead 83Acknowledgements 84References 846 Climate Change Effects on Biological Control in Grasslands 92Philippa J. Gerard and Alison J. PopaySummary 926.1 Introduction 926.2 Changes in Plant Biodiversity 946.3 Multitrophic Interactions and Food Webs 946.4 Greater Exposure to Extreme Events 1026.5 Range Changes 1036.6 Greater Exposure to Pest Outbreaks 1046.7 Non-Target Impacts 1046.8 Conclusion 105Acknowledgements 105References 1057 Climate Change and Arthropod Ectoparasites and Vectors of Veterinary Importance 111Hannah Rose Vineer, Lauren Ellse and Richard WallSummary 1117.1 Introduction 1117.2 Parasite–Host Interactions 1137.3 Evidence of the Impacts of Climate on Ectoparasites and Vectors 1147.4 Impact of Human Behaviour and Husbandry on Ectoparasitism 1167.5 Farmer Intervention as a Density-Dependent Process 1187.6 Predicting Future Impacts of Climate Change on Ectoparasites and Vectors 118Acknowledgements 123References 1238 Climate Change and the Biology of Insect Vectors of Human Pathogens 126Luis Fernando ChavesSummary 1268.1 Introduction 1268.2 Interaction with Pathogens 1298.3 Physiology, Development and Phenology 1318.4 Population Dynamics, Life History and Interactions with Other Vector Species 1328.5 Case Study of Forecasts for Vector Distribution Under Climate Change: The Altitudinal Range ofAedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus in Nagasaki, Japan 1348.6 Vector Ecology and Evolution in Changing Environments 138Acknowledgements 139References 1409 Climate and Atmospheric Change Impacts on Aphids as Vectors of Plant Diseases 148James M. W. Ryalls and Richard HarringtonSummary 1489.1 The Disease Pyramid 1489.2 Interactions with the Pyramid 1559.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 162Acknowledgements 163References 164Part III Multi-Trophic Interactions and Invertebrate Communities 17710 Global Change, Herbivores and Their Natural Enemies 179William T. Hentley and Ruth N. WadeSummary 17910.1 Introduction 18010.2 Global Climate Change and Insect Herbivores 18110.3 Global Climate Change and Natural Enemies of Insect Herbivores 18510.4 Multiple Abiotic Factors 19110.5 Conclusions 192Acknowledgements 193References 19311 Climate Change in the Underworld: Impacts for Soil-Dwelling Invertebrates 201Ivan Hiltpold, Scott N. Johnson, Renée-Claire Le Bayon and Uffe N. NielsenSummary 20111.1 Introduction 20111.2 Effect of Climate Change on Nematodes: Omnipresent Soil Invertebrates 20311.3 Effect of Climate Change on Insect Root Herbivores, the Grazers of the Dark 20711.4 Effect of Climate Change on Earthworms: the Crawling Engineers of Soil 21211.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 216Acknowledgements 217References 21812 Impacts of Atmospheric and Precipitation Change on Aboveground-Belowground Invertebrate Interactions 229Scott N. Johnson, James M.W. Ryalls and Joanna T. StaleySummary 22912.1 Introduction 22912.2 Atmospheric Change – Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 23312.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 242Acknowledgements 245References 24513 Forest Invertebrate Communities and Atmospheric Change 252Sarah L. Facey and Andrew N. GherlendaSummary 25213.1 Why Are Forest Invertebrate Communities Important? 25313.2 Atmospheric Change and Invertebrates 25313.3 Responses of Forest Invertebrates to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 25413.4 Responses of Forest Invertebrates to Elevated Ozone Concentrations 26313.5 Interactions Between Carbon Dioxide and Ozone 26513.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 267Acknowledgements 268References 26814 Climate Change and Freshwater Invertebrates: Their Role in Reciprocal Freshwater–Terrestrial Resource Fluxes 274Micael Jonsson and Cristina CanhotoSummary 27414.1 Introduction 27414.2 Climate-Change Effects on Riparian and Shoreline Vegetation 27514.3 Climate-Change Effects on Runoff of Dissolved Organic Matter 27714.4 Climate Change Effects on Basal Freshwater Resources Via Modified Terrestrial Inputs 27814.5 Effects of Altered Terrestrial Resource Fluxes on Freshwater Invertebrates 27914.6 Direct Effects of Warming on Freshwater Invertebrates 28014.7 Impacts of Altered Freshwater Invertebrate Emergence on Terrestrial Ecosystems 28214.8 Conclusions and Research Directions 284Acknowledgements 286References 28615 Climatic Impacts on Invertebrates as Food for Vertebrates 295Robert J. Thomas, James O. Vafidis and Renata J. MedeirosSummary 29515.1 Introduction 29515.2 Changes in the Abundance of Vertebrates 29615.3 Changes in the Distribution of Vertebrates 30015.4 Changes in Phenology of Vertebrates, and Their Invertebrate Prey 30315.5 Conclusions 30715.6 Postscript: Beyond the Year 2100 308Acknowledgements 308References 308Part IV Evolution, Intervention and Emerging Perspectives 31716 Evolutionary Responses of Invertebrates to Global Climate Change: the Role of Life-History Trade-Offs and Multidecadal Climate Shifts 319Jofre Carnicer, Chris Wheat, Maria Vives, Andreu Ubach, Cristina Domingo, Sören Nylin, Constantí Stefanescu, Roger Vila, Christer Wiklund and Josep PeñuelasSummary 31916.1 Introduction 31916.2 Fundamental Trade-Offs Mediating Invertebrate Evolutionary Responses to Global Warming 32716.3 The Roles of Multi-Annual Extreme Droughts and Multidecadal Shifts in Drought Regimens in Driving Large-Scale Responses of Insect Populations 33316.4 Conclusions and New Research Directions 337Acknowledgements 339References 33917 Conservation of Insects in the Face of Global Climate Change 349Paula Arribas, Pedro Abellán, Josefa Velasco, Andrés Millán and David Sánchez-FernándezSummary 34917.1 Introduction 34917.2 Vulnerability Drivers of Insect Species Under Climate Change 35217.3 Assessment of Insect Species Vulnerability to Climate Change 35317.4 Management Strategies for Insect Conservation Under Climate Change 35517.5 Protected Areas and Climate Change 35717.6 Perspectives on Insect Conservation Facing Climate Change 359Acknowledgements 360References 36118 Emerging Issues and Future Perspectives for Global Climate Change and Invertebrates 368Scott N. Johnson and T. Hefin Jones18.1 Preamble 36818.2 Multiple Organisms, Asynchrony and Adaptation in Climate Change Studies 36818.3 Multiple Climatic Factors in Research 36918.4 Research Into Extreme Climatic Events 37118.5 Climate change and Invertebrate Biosecurity 37218.6 Concluding Remarks 374References 374Species Index 379Subject Index 385

About the Editors Scott N. Johnson is Senior Lecturer in Ecology at the Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment (HIE) at Western Sydney University. T. Hefin Jones is Senior Lecturer in Ecology at the School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, and an Editor of the journals Global Change Biology and Agricultural and Forest Entomology.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xvii1 Introduction to Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates 1Scott N. Johnson and T. Hefin Jones1.1 Background 11.2 Predictions for Climate and Atmospheric Change 21.3 General Mechanisms for Climate Change Impacts on Invertebrates 21.4 Themes of the Book 4Acknowledgements 7References 7Part I Methods for Studying Invertebrates and Climate Change 92 Using Historical Data for Studying Range Changes 11Georgina Palmer and Jane K. HillSummary 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Review of Historical Data Sets on Species’ Distributions 132.3 Methods for Using Historical Data to Estimate Species’ Range Changes 152.4 Challenges and Biases in Historical Data 192.5 New Ways of Analysing Data and Future Perspectives 23Acknowledgements 24References 243 Experimental Approaches for Assessing Invertebrate Responses to Global Change Factors 30Richard L. Lindroth and Kenneth F. RaffaSummary 303.1 Introduction 303.2 Experimental Scale: Reductionist, Holistic and Integrated Approaches 323.3 Experimental Design: Statistical Concerns 333.4 Experimental Endpoints: Match Metrics to Systems 353.5 Experimental Systems: Manipulations From Bottle to Field 363.6 Team Science: the Human Dimension 403.7 Conclusions 41Acknowledgements 42References 424 Transplant Experiments – a Powerful Method to Study Climate Change Impacts 46Sabine S. Nooten and Nigel R. AndrewSummary 464.1 Global Climate Change 464.2 Climate Change Impacts on Species 474.3 Climate Change Impacts on Communities 484.4 Common Approaches to Study Climate Change Impacts 484.5 Transplant Experiments – a Powerful Tool to Study Climate Change 494.6 Transplant Experiment Trends Using Network Analysis 574.7 What’s Missing in Our Current Approaches? Next Steps for Implementing Transplant Experiments 60Acknowledgements 62References 62Part II Friends and Foes: Ecosystem Service Providers and Vectors of Disease 695 Insect Pollinators and Climate Change 71Jessica R. K. ForrestSummary 715.1 Introduction 715.2 The Pattern: Pollinator Populations and Climate Change 725.3 TheProcess: Direct Effects of Climate Change 765.4 The Process: Indirect Effects of Climate Change 815.5 Synthesis, and the View Ahead 83Acknowledgements 84References 846 Climate Change Effects on Biological Control in Grasslands 92Philippa J. Gerard and Alison J. PopaySummary 926.1 Introduction 926.2 Changes in Plant Biodiversity 946.3 Multitrophic Interactions and Food Webs 946.4 Greater Exposure to Extreme Events 1026.5 Range Changes 1036.6 Greater Exposure to Pest Outbreaks 1046.7 Non-Target Impacts 1046.8 Conclusion 105Acknowledgements 105References 1057 Climate Change and Arthropod Ectoparasites and Vectors of Veterinary Importance 111Hannah Rose Vineer, Lauren Ellse and Richard WallSummary 1117.1 Introduction 1117.2 Parasite–Host Interactions 1137.3 Evidence of the Impacts of Climate on Ectoparasites and Vectors 1147.4 Impact of Human Behaviour and Husbandry on Ectoparasitism 1167.5 Farmer Intervention as a Density-Dependent Process 1187.6 Predicting Future Impacts of Climate Change on Ectoparasites and Vectors 118Acknowledgements 123References 1238 Climate Change and the Biology of Insect Vectors of Human Pathogens 126Luis Fernando ChavesSummary 1268.1 Introduction 1268.2 Interaction with Pathogens 1298.3 Physiology, Development and Phenology 1318.4 Population Dynamics, Life History and Interactions with Other Vector Species 1328.5 Case Study of Forecasts for Vector Distribution Under Climate Change: The Altitudinal Range ofAedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus in Nagasaki, Japan 1348.6 Vector Ecology and Evolution in Changing Environments 138Acknowledgements 139References 1409 Climate and Atmospheric Change Impacts on Aphids as Vectors of Plant Diseases 148James M. W. Ryalls and Richard HarringtonSummary 1489.1 The Disease Pyramid 1489.2 Interactions with the Pyramid 1559.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 162Acknowledgements 163References 164Part III Multi-Trophic Interactions and Invertebrate Communities 17710 Global Change, Herbivores and Their Natural Enemies 179William T. Hentley and Ruth N. WadeSummary 17910.1 Introduction 18010.2 Global Climate Change and Insect Herbivores 18110.3 Global Climate Change and Natural Enemies of Insect Herbivores 18510.4 Multiple Abiotic Factors 19110.5 Conclusions 192Acknowledgements 193References 19311 Climate Change in the Underworld: Impacts for Soil-Dwelling Invertebrates 201Ivan Hiltpold, Scott N. Johnson, Renée-Claire Le Bayon and Uffe N. NielsenSummary 20111.1 Introduction 20111.2 Effect of Climate Change on Nematodes: Omnipresent Soil Invertebrates 20311.3 Effect of Climate Change on Insect Root Herbivores, the Grazers of the Dark 20711.4 Effect of Climate Change on Earthworms: the Crawling Engineers of Soil 21211.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 216Acknowledgements 217References 21812 Impacts of Atmospheric and Precipitation Change on Aboveground-Belowground Invertebrate Interactions 229Scott N. Johnson, James M.W. Ryalls and Joanna T. StaleySummary 22912.1 Introduction 22912.2 Atmospheric Change – Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 23312.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 242Acknowledgements 245References 24513 Forest Invertebrate Communities and Atmospheric Change 252Sarah L. Facey and Andrew N. GherlendaSummary 25213.1 Why Are Forest Invertebrate Communities Important? 25313.2 Atmospheric Change and Invertebrates 25313.3 Responses of Forest Invertebrates to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 25413.4 Responses of Forest Invertebrates to Elevated Ozone Concentrations 26313.5 Interactions Between Carbon Dioxide and Ozone 26513.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 267Acknowledgements 268References 26814 Climate Change and Freshwater Invertebrates: Their Role in Reciprocal Freshwater–Terrestrial Resource Fluxes 274Micael Jonsson and Cristina CanhotoSummary 27414.1 Introduction 27414.2 Climate-Change Effects on Riparian and Shoreline Vegetation 27514.3 Climate-Change Effects on Runoff of Dissolved Organic Matter 27714.4 Climate Change Effects on Basal Freshwater Resources Via Modified Terrestrial Inputs 27814.5 Effects of Altered Terrestrial Resource Fluxes on Freshwater Invertebrates 27914.6 Direct Effects of Warming on Freshwater Invertebrates 28014.7 Impacts of Altered Freshwater Invertebrate Emergence on Terrestrial Ecosystems 28214.8 Conclusions and Research Directions 284Acknowledgements 286References 28615 Climatic Impacts on Invertebrates as Food for Vertebrates 295Robert J. Thomas, James O. Vafidis and Renata J. MedeirosSummary 29515.1 Introduction 29515.2 Changes in the Abundance of Vertebrates 29615.3 Changes in the Distribution of Vertebrates 30015.4 Changes in Phenology of Vertebrates, and Their Invertebrate Prey 30315.5 Conclusions 30715.6 Postscript: Beyond the Year 2100 308Acknowledgements 308References 308Part IV Evolution, Intervention and Emerging Perspectives 31716 Evolutionary Responses of Invertebrates to Global Climate Change: the Role of Life-History Trade-Offs and Multidecadal Climate Shifts 319Jofre Carnicer, Chris Wheat, Maria Vives, Andreu Ubach, Cristina Domingo, Sören Nylin, Constantí Stefanescu, Roger Vila, Christer Wiklund and Josep PeñuelasSummary 31916.1 Introduction 31916.2 Fundamental Trade-Offs Mediating Invertebrate Evolutionary Responses to Global Warming 32716.3 The Roles of Multi-Annual Extreme Droughts and Multidecadal Shifts in Drought Regimens in Driving Large-Scale Responses of Insect Populations 33316.4 Conclusions and New Research Directions 337Acknowledgements 339References 33917 Conservation of Insects in the Face of Global Climate Change 349Paula Arribas, Pedro Abellán, Josefa Velasco, Andrés Millán and David Sánchez-FernándezSummary 34917.1 Introduction 34917.2 Vulnerability Drivers of Insect Species Under Climate Change 35217.3 Assessment of Insect Species Vulnerability to Climate Change 35317.4 Management Strategies for Insect Conservation Under Climate Change 35517.5 Protected Areas and Climate Change 35717.6 Perspectives on Insect Conservation Facing Climate Change 359Acknowledgements 360References 36118 Emerging Issues and Future Perspectives for Global Climate Change and Invertebrates 368Scott N. Johnson and T. Hefin Jones18.1 Preamble 36818.2 Multiple Organisms, Asynchrony and Adaptation in Climate Change Studies 36818.3 Multiple Climatic Factors in Research 36918.4 Research Into Extreme Climatic Events 37118.5 Climate change and Invertebrate Biosecurity 37218.6 Concluding Remarks 374References 374Species Index 379Subject Index 385