Glacial Geology

MATTHEW R. BENNETT, School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, UK NEIL F. GLASSER, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, UK

• Preface ixAcknowledgements xiIllustrations xiiiChapter 1: Introduction 11.1 What is Glacial Geology and Why is it Important? 11.2 The Aim and Structure of this Book 6Chapter 2: Glaciations Around The Globe 72.1 The Antarctic Ice Sheet 72.2 Greenland in the Greenhouse 152.3 Southern Hemisphere Temperate Glaciers: Patagonia and New Zealand 172.4 Northern Hemisphere Temperate Glaciers: Alaska and Iceland 212.5 High-Altitude Glaciers: The Himalaya 222.6 Tropical Glaciers: The Cordillera Blanca, Peru 262.7 Arctic Polythermal Glaciers 292.8 Summary 33Suggested Reading 33Chapter 3: Mass Balance and the Mechanisms of Ice Flow 413.1 Annual Mass Balance 413.2 The Mass Balance Gradient: The Glacial Driving Mechanism 443.3 Mechanisms of Ice Flow 473.4 The Principles of Basal Thermal Regime 553.5 Patterns and Rates of Ice Flow 633.6 Glacier Response to Climate Change 693.7 Summary 76Suggested Reading 76Chapter 4: Glacier Hydrology 814.1 Glacier Hydrology 814.2 Sources of Glacial Meltwater 824.3 Storage of Water in Glaciers 834.4 Methods of Studying Glacier Hydrology 844.5 Glacier Hydrological Systems 864.6 Subglacial Water Pressure 904.7 Discharge Fluctuations 974.8 Glacial Meltwater Erosion 1024.9 Summary 104Suggested Reading 104Chapter 5: The Processes of Glacial Erosion 1095.1 Glacial Abrasion 1095.2 Glacial Quarrying 1175.3 Estimating Rates of Glacial Erosion 1255.4 Patterns of Glacial Erosion 1285.5 Summary 131Suggested Reading 131Chapter 6: Landforms of Glacial Erosion 1356.1 Microscale Features of Glacial Erosion 1356.2 Mesoscale Features of Glacial Erosion 1476.3 Macroscale Features of Glacial Erosion 1576.4 Landscapes of Glacial Erosion 1746.5 Summary 179Suggested Reading 179Chapter 7: Glacial Debris Entrainment and Transport 1857.1 High-Level Debris Transport 1857.2 Debris Entrainment 1907.3 Low-Level Debris Transport 1937.4 Debris Transfer Between Low and High Levels 1977.5 Debris Transfer 1987.6 Summary 202Suggested Reading 203Chapter 8: Glacial Sedimentation on Land 2078.1 Direct Glacial Sedimentation 2078.2 Fluvial Sedimentation 2358.3 Summary 243Suggested Reading 244Chapter 9: Landforms of Glacial Deposition on Land 2479.1 Ice-Marginal Moraines 2479.2 Subglacial Landforms Formed by Ice or Sediment Flow 2689.3 Glaciofluvial Ice-Marginal Landforms 2899.4 Glaciofluvial Subglacial Landforms 2969.5 Summary 299Suggested Reading 299Chapter 10: Glacial Sedimentation in Water 30510.1 Sedimentation in Lacustrine Environments 30510.2 Sedimentation in Marine Environments 31510.3 Distinguishing Glaciolacustrine and Glaciomarine Diamicts from Glacial Tills 32410.4 Summary 325Suggested Reading 325Chapter 11: Landforms of Glacial Deposition in Water 32911.1 Glaciolacustrine Landforms 33011.2 Glaciomarine Landforms 33611.3 Summary 343Suggested Reading 343Chapter 12: Palaeoglaciology 34712.1 The Methods Used in Palaeoglaciology 34712.2 The Key Landforms Used in Palaeoglaciology 35312.3 Former Subglacial Thermal Regimes 35812.4 Palaeoglaciological Reconstructions 36712.5 Summary 370Suggested Reading 372Index 377

"The book is written in an accessible manner and well-illustrated; undergraduate students will thus embrace it as a first resource." (Experimental Agriculture, 2010)"Indeed, the revised and updated text, the provision of colour and case study strategy of delivery have ensured that it will be a firm favourite with students and will be one of the first references entered on to my recommended reading lists well into the future." (The Holocene, August 2010) "The book is written in an accessible manner and well-illustrated; undergraduate students will thus embrace it as a first resource." (Geological Magazine, 2010)