Geophysical Exploration for Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, Geothermal Energy, and Carbon Storage

Said Gaci, PhD, is the Director of Scientific and Technical Support to Research at Sonatrach’s Central Research and Development Directorate (DC R&D). His research interests include the application of signal processing and pattern recognition techniques in the geosciences.

• List of Contributors xviiPreface xixAbout the Book xxiSection I New Technologies and Insights into Petroleum Exploration 11 Gas Seepage in Marginal Structures as Additional Shallow and Deep Hydrocarbon Systems Indicator (Some of Recent FR Scanning Results) 3Valery Soloviev, Mykola Yakymchuk, Ignat Korchagin1.1 Introduction 31.2 General Principles and Methods 41.3 Gas Fluids as Additional Hydrocarbon Processes Indicator in Some Continental Margin Structures 41.4 Conclusions 24Author Contributions 24Conflict of Interests 25References 252 The Role of the LVZ and of Increased Seismicity in the Localization of Abiogenic HC in the Crystalline Crust of Transcarpathia 29Valeriy Korchin, Elena Karnaukhova2.1 Introduction 292.2 Basic Principles of Petrophysical Thermobaric Modeling 302.3 Influence of Ð�-Regimes on the Elastic Characteristics and Density of Rocks 302.4 The LVZs in the Crystalline Crust as Zones of Increased Porosity of Mineral Matter 342.5 A Comparison of Experimental Data and Geophysical Observations 362.6 Geological Interpretation of the PTBM Results 372.7 The Nature of LVZ along the DSS Profile (RP-17) Using the PTBM Methodology 392.8 Elastic Characteristics of the Mineral Substance along the DSS Profile (RP-17) 422.9 Conclusions 44References 453 Precambrian Mid-Continent Rift Potential for Hosting Numerous Helium and Hydrogen Accumulations, Central USA 49Steven A. Tedesco3.1 Introduction 503.2 The Formation of the Mid-Continent Rift System 513.3 Geology 523.4 Wells of Interest 573.5 Trap and Seal 593.6 Gravity/Magnetics 613.7 Seismic 623.8 Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 643.9 Iron and Base Metals 653.10 Impact Craters 653.11 Helium 653.12 Hydrogen 673.13 Summary 70References 704 Production from Desmoinesian and Atokan Age Coalbed Methane and Carbonaceous Mudstone and Their Relationship to Structure and Geologic History of the Cherokee Basin, Kansas and Oklahoma, USA 73Steven A. Tedesco4.1 Introduction 734.2 Geology 754.3 Production 794.4 Drilling and Completion Methods 844.5 Jefferson-Sycamore Area 854.6 Discussion 91References 975 Geophysical Research and Monitoring Within the Framework of a Block-Layered Model with Inclusions of a Hierarchical Structure 99Olga Hachay, Andrey Khachay5.1 Review 995.2 Conclusions 102References 102Section II Reservoir Characterization Concepts and Workflows 1056 A Review on Shear Wave Velocity Estimation Methods 107Said Gaci, Mohammed Farfour6.1 Introduction 1076.2 Empirical Relationships for Estimating S-Wave Velocity 1086.3 Intelligent Systems for Estimating S-Wave Velocity 1116.4 Rock Physics Models for Estimating S-Wave Velocity 1136.5 Example 1166.6 Conclusions 119References 1197 Geomechanics in Petroleum Exploration, Development, and Energy Transition 125Ghoulem Ifrene, Kuldeep Singh7.1 Introduction 1257.2 Role of Geomechanics in Exploration and Development 1267.3 Enhancing Reservoir Performance Through Geomechanics 1307.4 Predictive Analyses and Production Optimization 1317.5 Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Geomechanics 1347.6 Geomechanics in Geological Carbon Storage 1407.7 Geomechanics of Hydrogen Storage and Production 1457.8 Conclusions 149References 1508 Size Scaling and Spatial Clustering of Natural Fracture Networks Using Fractal Analysis 161Sofiane Djezzar, Aldjia Boualam8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Geological Settings 1628.3 Methods and Approaches 1638.4 Fractal Analysis 1648.5 Conclusions 178References 1829 Application of Seismic Attributes on Digital Elevation Model: Fractures Detection and Reservoir Implication 185Sofiane Djezzar, Aldjia Boualam9.1 Introduction 1859.2 Problematic 1869.3 Workflow and Methodology 1879.4 Fault Detection Techniques 1909.5 Fault Analysis 1919.6 Fracture Intensity and Density Analysis 1969.7 Fracture Connectivity, Permeability, and Wavelet Analysis 1979.8 Discussion 1999.9 Conclusions 200References 20110 Structural Analysis and Fracture Kinematics Using Seismic 2D and Geological Maps 205Sofiane Djezzar, Aldjia Boualam10.1 Introduction 20510.2 Material and Methods 20610.3 Geological Settings 20710.4 Gravity Data 20810.5 Structural Analysis 21010.6 Seismic Data Analysis 21210.7 Fault Analysis 21610.8 Conclusions 217References 21811 A New Method for Reservoir Fracture Characterization and Modeling Using Surface Analog 221Sofiane Djezzar, Aldjia Boualam11.1 Introduction 22111.2 Methodology 22211.3 Geological Background 22311.4 Material and Methods 22411.5 Data Analysis 22511.6 3D Fracture Models 23211.7 Discussion and Conclusions 233References 23512 An Integrated Workflow for Multiscale Fracture Analysis in Reservoir Analog 237Sofiane Djezzar, Aldjia Boualam12.1 Introduction 23712.2 Geological Background 23812.3 Material and Method 24012.4 Fracture Characterization 24112.5 Fracture Analysis 24612.6 Fractal Analysis 24812.7 3D Fault Models 24912.8 Discussion 24912.9 Conclusions 251References 251Section III Artificial Intelligence Applied to Reservoir Characterization 25713 Exploring the Depths: Satellite Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence in the Oil and Gas Industry 259Hasna Yazid, Said Gaci13.1 Introduction 25913.2 Overview of Satellite Technology 26013.3 Evolution of Satellite Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry 26113.4 Satellite Image Processing Techniques 26213.5 Artificial Intelligence in Satellite Imagery Processing 26413.6 Practical Applications and AI in the Oil and Gas Industry 26613.7 Conclusions 273References 27514 Modern AI Usage in the Oil and Gas Industry for Reservoir Characterization and Lithofacies Forecasting (Rock Typing) 281Hasna Yazid, Said Gaci, Mohammed Farfour14.1 Introduction 28114.2 Workflow of Rock Typing Using Machine Learning 28414.3 Application 28514.4 Conclusions 297Acknowledgment 299References 29915 Logging-Data-Driven Fluid Prediction in Clastic Reservoir Based on Fractal Attributes and Machine Learning Methods 303Abdelbasset Boulassel, Soraya Makhlouf, Fethi Ali Cheddad, Zinelaabidine Boumelit, Badis Zegagh, Salah Boufenchouche, Amar Boudella, Naima Zaourar, Said Gaci15.1 Introduction 30315.2 Studied Dataset 30415.3 Overview of Fractal Analysis Steps Employed in Geophysical Well Logs Study 30515.4 Overview of Employed Machine Learning Methods 30715.5 Model Evaluation 30915.6 Results and Discussion 31115.7 Conclusions 318Acknowledgment 318References 31816 Unlocking Deeper Insights: Using Machine Learning to Predict Dynamic Shear Wave Slowness from Well Logs 323Abdelbasset Boulassel, Soraya Makhlouf, Zinelaabidine Boumelit, Badis Zegagh, Salah Boufenchouche, Fethi Ali Cheddad, Amar Boudella, Naima Zaourar, Said Gaci16.1 Introduction 32316.2 Studied Wells and Dataset 32416.3 Overview of Employed Machine Learning Methods 32516.4 Model Evaluation 32816.5 Results and Discussion 33016.6 Conclusions 338Acknowledgment 338References 338Section IV Energy transition: New Perspectives on Geothermal Energy Exploration and Development and CO2 Sequestration 34317 Energy Transition and the Role of AI: Statistics, Trends, and Implications 345Said Gaci, Hasna Yazid, Aziz Khelalef , Mohammed Farfour17.1 Introduction 34517.2 Objectives for the Energy Transition 34517.3 Emerging Trends of Energy Transition and AI 34617.4 Implications of Leveraging AI in Energy Transition 34817.5 Challenges to Apply AI in Renewable Energy Sector 34817.6 Conclusions 351References 35218 On the Importance of Integrating Geomodeling in Geothermal Studies 355Mohamed Amrouche18.1 Introduction 35518.2 Geology of Geothermal Provinces 35618.3 Exploration of Geothermal Reservoirs 35818.4 Modeling the Subsurface of Geothermal Reservoirs 36118.5 Concepts of 3D Geocellular Modeling 36318.6 Geophysical Modeling with the 3D Geocellular Grid 36718.7 Faults and Fracture Network Modeling with the 3D Geocellular Grid 37018.8 Updating the Property Models with Integrated Workflows 37318.9 Conclusions 374References 37519 Advancements, Challenges, and Outlook of Geothermal Reservoir Operations 379Ghoulem Ifrene, Singh Kuldeep, William Gosnold19.1 Introduction 37919.2 Geomechanical Considerations of Geothermal Reservoirs 38219.3 Drilling and Well Completion Technologies 39019.4 Production and Injection Optimization 39219.5 Future Directions and Research Needs 39819.6 Environmental and Social Considerations for Geothermal Energy Development 403References 40920 Multiscale Reservoir Characterization of a CO2 Storage Aquifer: Mineralogical, Geomechanical, and Petrophysical Analyses for a CCS Project in North Dakota? 417Aimen Laalam, Ahmed Merzoug, Hichem Aymen Katib Chellal20.1 Introduction 41720.2 CCS Overview 41820.3 Case Study: Carbon Storage in the Broom Creek Saline Aquifer, Williston Basin, North Dakota 42520.4 Conclusions 444References 44421 Anthropogenic Carbon Sequestration into the Subsurface: Caveats and Pitfalls 451Steven A. Tedesco21.1 Introduction 45121.2 CO2 Incentives 45221.3 Chemistry 45221.4 Carbon Dioxide 45321.5 Potential Sequestration Locations 45521.6 Sequestration in Hydrocarbon and Carbon Dioxide Reservoirs 45621.7 Risk Assessment Analysis and Characterization of a Reservoir for CO2 Sequestration 45821.8 Sequestration in Saline Aquifers 46121.9 Sequestration in Coal Seams 46521.10 Sequestration in Carbonaceous Mudstones 46821.11 Mineral Sequestration 47021.12 Sequestration in Oceans 47121.13 Sequestration in Soils 47121.14 Class VI Wells 47121.15 Case Histories/Models 47321.16 Summary 482References 483Index 489