Geochemistry

Inamuddin PhD is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books with multiple well-known publishers.Mohd Imran Ahamed PhD is in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focuses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning.Rajender Boddula PhD is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored 20 book chapters.Tariq Altalhi is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material.

• Preface xiii1 Toxic Geogenic Contaminants in Serpentinitic Geological Systems: Occurrence, Behavior, Exposure Pathways, and Human Health Risks 1Willis Gwenzi1.1 Introduction 21.2 Serpentinitic Geological Systems 41.2.1 Nature, Occurrence, and Geochemistry 41.2.2 Occurrence and Behavior of Toxic Contaminants 51.2.2.1 Chrysotile Asbestos 51.2.2.2 Toxic Metals 51.2.2.3 Rare Earth Elements 61.3 Human Exposure Pathways 71.3.1 Occupational Exposure 71.3.2 Non-Occupational Exposure Routes 71.3.2.1 Inhalation of Contaminated Particulates 71.3.2.2 Ingestion of Contaminated Geophagic Earths 81.3.2.3 Ingestion of Contaminated Drinking Water 81.3.2.4 Ingestion of Contaminated Medicinal Plants 81.3.2.5 Ingestion of Contaminated Wild Foods 91.4 Human Health Risks and Their Mitigation 101.4.1 Health Risks 101.4.1.1 Chrysotile Asbestos 101.4.1.2 Toxic Metals 111.4.1.3 Rare Earth Elements 111.4.2 Mitigating Human Exposure and Health Risks 121.4.2.1 Risk Analysis 121.4.2.2 Risk Evaluation 121.4.2.3 Risk Mitigation 131.4.2.4 Overview of Mitigation Interventions 131.5 Future Perspectives 131.6 Conclusions 14Acknowledgements 15References 152 Benefits of Geochemistry and Its Impact on Human Health 23Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Muhammad Akram, Maliki Munirat, Inamuddin, Umme Laila, S.O. Okonkwo, Saher Islam and Jonathan Inobeme2.1 Introduction 242.2 General Overview of Geochemistry and Human Health 252.2.1 Types of Geochemistry 262.2.2 Some Beneficial Effect of Some Mineral With Health Benefits 262.2.2.1 Magnesium 272.2.2.2 Manganese 272.2.2.3 Calcium 272.2.2.4 Cobalt 282.2.2.5 Copper 282.2.2.6 Zinc 292.2.2.7 Iron 292.2.2.8 Sodium 292.2.2.9 Arsenic 302.2.2.10 Chlorine 302.2.2.11 Iodine 302.2.2.12 Potassium 312.2.2.13 Fluoride 312.2.3 Application of Geochemistry on Human Health 322.3 Conclusion and Recommendations 33References 343 Applications of Geochemistry in Livestock: Health and Nutritional Perspective 37Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, J. Inobeme, Inamuddin, Muhammad Akram, A. Inobeme, Khuram Shahzad, Maliki Munirat, Saher Islam, Noshiza Majeed and S.O. Okonkwo3.1 Introduction 383.2 General and Global Perspective About Geochemistry in Livestock 393.3 Types of Geochemistry and Their Numerous Benefits 413.3.1 Analytical Geochemistry 423.3.2 Isotope Geochemistry 433.3.3 Low Temperature Geochemistry 433.3.4 Organic and Petroleum Geochemistry 443.4 Application of Geochemistry in Livestock 443.5 Geochemistry and Animal Health 443.6 General Overview of Geochemistry in Livestock’s Merits of Geochemistry/Essential Minerals in Livestocks 453.6.1 Specific Examples of Authors That Have Used Essential Minerals in Livestock 473.6.2 Livestock in Relation to Geominerals 483.6.3 Trace Minerals Parallel Importance in Livestock 483.6.4 Heavy Metals Impact Livestock 493.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 50References 514 Application in Geochemistry Toward the Achievement of a Sustainable Agricultural Science 57Muhammad Akram, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, S.O. Okonkwo, Inamuddin, Umme Laila, J. Inobeme, A. Inobeme, Saher Islam and Maliki Munirat4.1 Introduction 584.2 General Overview on the Utilization of Geochemistry and Their Wide Application on Agriculture 594.2.1 Classification 604.2.2 Chemical Composition of Rocks 604.2.3 Effect of Some Beneficial Minerals in Agriculture 604.2.4 Beneficial Mineral Nutrients That are Crucial to the Development of Plants 624.2.4.1 Micronutrients 634.3 Role of Geochemistry in Agriculture 654.4 Geochemical Effects of Heavy Metals on Crops Health 654.5 Conclusion and Recommendations 69References 695 Geochemistry, Extent of Pollution, and Ecological Impact of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Soil 73Abhiroop Chowdhury, Aliya Naz and Diksha Sharma5.1 Introduction 745.2 Material and Methods 755.2.1 Review Process 755.2.2 Ecological Risk Index 755.3 Toxic Heavy Metal and Their Impact to the Ecosystems 765.3.1 Arsenic 765.3.2 Cadmium 775.3.3 Chromium 785.3.4 Copper 785.3.5 Lead 795.3.6 Nickel 795.3.7 Zinc 805.4 Metal Pollution in Soil Across the Globe 805.5 Ecological and Human Health Risk Impacts of Heavy Metals 855.6 Conclusion 87References 876 Isotope Geochemistry 93Praveen Kumar Yadav, Amit Kumar Mauraya, Chinky Kochar, Lakhan Taneja and S. Swarupa Tripathy6.1 Introduction 936.2 Basic Definitions 946.2.1 The Notation 946.2.2 The Fractionation Factor 956.2.3 Isotope Fractionation 956.2.3.1 Kinetic Isotope Fractionation 956.2.3.2 Equilibrium Isotope Fractionation 966.2.4 Mass Dependent and Independent Fractionations 976.3 Application of Traditional Isotopes in Geochemistry 986.3.1 Geothermometer 986.3.2 Isotopes in Biological System 986.3.2.1 Carbon (C) 996.3.2.2 Nitrogen (N) 1006.3.3 Isotopes in Archaeology 1006.3.4 Isotopes in Fossils and the Earliest Life 1016.3.5 Isotopes in Hydrothermal and Ore Deposits 1016.4 Non-Traditional Isotopes in Geochemistry 1026.4.1 Application in Tracing of Source 1026.4.2 Application in Process Tracing 1036.4.3 Biological Cycling 1046.5 Conclusion 105References 1057 Environmental Geochemistry 111Sapna Nehra, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar7.1 Introduction 1117.2 Overview of the Environmental Geochemistry 1127.3 Conclusions 1207.4 Abbreviations 121Acknowledgment 121References 1218 Medical Geochemistry 127Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan8.1 Introduction 1288.2 The Evolution of Geochemistry 1298.3 This Science has Expanded Considerably to Become Distinct Branches 1298.3.1 Cosmochemistry 1318.3.2 The Economic Importance of Geochemistry 1318.3.3 Analytical Geochemistry 1328.3.4 Geochemistry of Radioisotopes 1328.3.5 Medical Geochemistry and Human Health 1348.3.6 Environmental Health and Safety 1378.4 Conclusion 142References 1439 Inorganic Geochemistry 149Sathasivam Pratheep Kumar, Triveni Rajashekhar Mandlimath and M. Ramesh9.1 Introduction 1499.2 Elements and the Earth 1509.2.1 Iron 1509.2.2 Oxygen 1519.2.3 Silicon 1529.2.4 Magnesium 1529.3 Geological Minerals 1529.3.1 Quartz 1529.3.2 Feldspar 1539.3.3 Amphibole 1539.3.4 Pyroxene 1539.3.5 Olivine 1539.3.6 Clay Minerals 1539.3.7 Kaolinite 1549.3.8 Bentonite, Montmorillonite, Vermiculite, and Biotite 1549.4 Characterization Techniques 1559.4.1 Powder X-Ray Diffraction 1559.4.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectra 1569.4.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra 1569.4.4 Electron Probe Micro-Analysis 1569.4.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry 1579.4.6 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 1579.4.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis 1589.4.8 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis 1589.5 Conclusion 159References 15910 Introduction and Scope of Geochemistry 161Triveni Rajashekhar Mandlimath, Sathasivam Pratheep Kumar and M. Ramesh10.1 Introduction 16110.1.1 Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration 16210.1.1.1 Periodic Table 16210.1.1.2 Electronic Configuration 16410.2 Periodic Properties 16410.2.1 Ionization Enthalpy 16410.2.2 Electron Affinity 16510.2.3 Electro-Negativity 16610.3 Chemical Bonding 16610.3.1 Ionic Bond 16610.3.2 Covalent Bond 16610.3.3 Metallic Bond 16710.3.4 Hydrogen Bond 16710.3.5 Van der Waals Forces 16710.4 Geochemical Classification and Distribution of Elements 16710.4.1 Lithophiles 16710.4.2 Siderophiles 16810.4.3 Chalcophiles 16910.4.4 Atmophiles 16910.4.5 Biophiles 16910.5 Chemical Composition of the Earth 16910.6 Classification of Earth’s Layers 17010.6.1 Based on Chemical Composition 17010.6.2 Based on Physical Properties 17010.7 Spheres of the Earth 17110.7.1 Geosphere/Lithosphere 17110.7.2 Hydrosphere 17210.7.3 Biosphere 17210.7.4 Atmosphere 17210.7.5 Troposphere 17310.7.6 Stratosphere 17310.7.7 Mesosphere 17410.7.8 Thermosphere and Ionosphere 17410.7.9 Exosphere 17410.8 Sub-Disciplines of Geochemistry 17510.9 Scope of Geochemistry 17510.10 Conclusion 176References 176