Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

• Part I: Genetics, molecular and cellular biology2. Alpha-synuclein gene and Parkinson’s diseaseAthina-Maria Simitsi, Chistos Koros and Leonidas Stefanis3. The DJ-1 gene and protein: links with Parkinson’s diseaseVanessa J. Musco, Sarah J. Annesley and Paul R. Fisher4. Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase: relevance to Parkinson’s diseaseGelareh Alam and Jason R. Richardson5. Linking glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) variants and Parkinson’s diseasectoria Berge-Seidl and Mathias Toft6. Astrocytes and microglia in Parkinson’s disease and animal modelsKatarzyna Kuter7. The role of autophagy in Parkinson’s disease etiopathogenesisEmanuel Candeias, Jãao Duarte Magalhães, Daniel Santos, Helena Costa, Diana F. Silva, Ana Raquel Esteves and Sandra Morais Cardoso8. The mitochondrial network in Parkinson’s diseaseAndreas Aufschnaiter, Verena Kohler and Sabrina Büttner9. Signal transduction in Parkinson’s disease: modulation of neurotransmission, symptomatology, and therapyMattia Volta10. Oxidative stress signaling and regulated cell death in Parkinson’s diseaseCarlos Velez-Pardo and Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio11. Subcellular-specific alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s diseaseBenjamin Rosen, Ketan S. Patil, Guido W. Alves and Simon G. Møller12. Melanocortin 1 receptor: Parkinson’s disease, melanoma risk, and neuroprotectionGemma Tell-Marti, Joan Anton Puig-Butillé and Susana Puig13. Energy regulation and Parkinson’s diseaseLiting Hang and Kah-Leong Lim14. Linking rotigotine, Parkinson’s disease, and brain-derived neurotrophic factorKazuhiro Sohya, Kazunori O’Hashi and Hiroshi KunugiPart II: Neurology, physiology and imaging15. The different syndromes in Parkinson’s disease: an overviewNikolaos Giagkou and Maria Stamelou16. Neuromolecular imaging in Parkinson’s diseasePatricia A. Broderick and Leslie Wenning17. Interlinking brain mapping and Parkinson’s disease: MRI analysis, nigrosome 1 and nigrosome 4Eung Yeop Kim, Young Hee Sung and Jongho Lee18. Interconnecting Parkinson’s disease: the use of computed tomography and microelectrode recording in DBS surgeryRyan B. Kochanski and Sepehr Sani19. Linking diffusion tensor imaging, microstructures and Parkinson’s diseaseYu Zhang, Norbert Schuff, I-Wei Wu and Duygu Tosun20. Detecting parkinsonian degeneration in lateroventral tier of substantia nigra pars compacta with MRIJason Langley, Daniel E. Huddleston and Xiaoping P. Hu21. Vagal motoneurons in Parkinson’s diseaseRuth E. Musgrove, Wei-Hua Chiu and Joshua A. Goldberg22. Circadian clock disruption and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease: a new perspective Elisabetta Lauretti and Domenico Praticò23. Motor cortex stimulation in Parkinson’s diseaseAngelo Lavano, Giusy Guzzi, Attilio Della Torre and Domenico La Torre24. Action programming disorders associated with Parkinson’s diseaseKenneth M. Heilman25. The striatal medium spiny neurons: what they are and how they link with Parkinson’s diseaseFu-Ming Zhou26. Disruptions of frontostriatal language functions in Parkinson’s diseaseAdolfo M. García, Yamile Bocanegra, Agustina Birba, Juan Rafael Orozco-Arroyave, Lucas Sedeño and Agustín Ibañez27. Alpha-synuclein and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s diseaseTatiana Varanita and Luigi Bubacco28. Tau and its interactions with other proteins in neurodegenerative diseasesKatelyn H. Mroczek, Sarah J. Annesley and Paul R. Fisher29. Interaction between brain angiotensin and dopaminergic systems and Parkinson’s diseaseJose Luis Labandeira-Garcia, Pablo Garrido-Gil, Maria A. Pedrosa, Carmen M. Labandeira and Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez30. Restoring dopamine levels in Parkinson’s disease: neuronal pathways, agonists and antiinflammatory agentsÁgatha Oliveira-Giacomelli, C.M. Albino, Hellio Danny Nóbrega de Souza and Henning UlrichPart III: Behaviour and psychopathology 31. Motivation and motivational aspects of Parkinson’s diseaseAbdeslam Chagraoui, Emilie Puginier and Philippe De Deurwaerdère32. Linking anxiety, cognitive and sensory deficits to gait and balance deficits in Parkinson’s diseaseQuincy J. Almeida33. Motor programs interlinking gait and bradykinesia in Parkinson’s diseaseTateo Warabi, Kiyoharu Inoue and Nobuo Yanagisawa34. Olfactory disturbances in Parkinson’s diseaseLais S. Rodrigues, Juliane Fagotti, Adriano D.S. Targa, Ana Carolina D. Noseda, Jessica L. Ilkiw, Flavia W.C. Dorieux and Marcelo M.S. Lima35. Interlinking dementia in Parkinson’s disease: nutritional correlates of body compositionArthur Oscar Schelp, Jéssica Emy Komuro, José Eduardo Corrente and Silvia Justina Papini36. The role of the gastrointestinal system and gut microbiota in Parkinson’s diseaseJade Kenna and Ryan S. Anderton37. Swallowing impairment in Parkinson’s diseaseMaira Rozenfeld Olchik, Marina Padovani and Annelise Ayres38. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and applications to Parkinson’s diseaseSvetlana Tomic39. The efficacy of Bacopa monnieri extract in modulating Parkinson’s diseaseDr. Ravikumar HosamaniPart V: Models, modelling and resources40. 6-hydroxydopamine-induced model of Parkinson’s diseaseKatarzyna Kaczyńska and Kryspin Andrzejewski41. Knockdown transgenic Drosophila and Parkinson’s diseaseMarlene Jimenez-Del-Rio and Carlos Velez-Pardo42. Neuroprotection in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: exploring exercise, sound, and lightJohn Mitrofanis43. Modeling with the A53T α-synuclein model of Parkinson’s diseaseThomas Musacchio, James B. Koprich and Chi Wang Ip44. Linking the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene, animal models, and Parkinson’s diseaseYulan Xiong and Jianzhong Yu45. Neuroscience of Parkinson’s disease: recommended reading and resourcesRajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel and Victor R. Preedy

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

• Part I: Genetics, molecular and cellular biology2. Alpha-synuclein gene and Parkinson’s diseaseAthina-Maria Simitsi, Chistos Koros and Leonidas Stefanis3. The DJ-1 gene and protein: links with Parkinson’s diseaseVanessa J. Musco, Sarah J. Annesley and Paul R. Fisher4. Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase: relevance to Parkinson’s diseaseGelareh Alam and Jason R. Richardson5. Linking glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) variants and Parkinson’s diseasectoria Berge-Seidl and Mathias Toft6. Astrocytes and microglia in Parkinson’s disease and animal modelsKatarzyna Kuter7. The role of autophagy in Parkinson’s disease etiopathogenesisEmanuel Candeias, Jãao Duarte Magalhães, Daniel Santos, Helena Costa, Diana F. Silva, Ana Raquel Esteves and Sandra Morais Cardoso8. The mitochondrial network in Parkinson’s diseaseAndreas Aufschnaiter, Verena Kohler and Sabrina Büttner9. Signal transduction in Parkinson’s disease: modulation of neurotransmission, symptomatology, and therapyMattia Volta10. Oxidative stress signaling and regulated cell death in Parkinson’s diseaseCarlos Velez-Pardo and Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio11. Subcellular-specific alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s diseaseBenjamin Rosen, Ketan S. Patil, Guido W. Alves and Simon G. Møller12. Melanocortin 1 receptor: Parkinson’s disease, melanoma risk, and neuroprotectionGemma Tell-Marti, Joan Anton Puig-Butillé and Susana Puig13. Energy regulation and Parkinson’s diseaseLiting Hang and Kah-Leong Lim14. Linking rotigotine, Parkinson’s disease, and brain-derived neurotrophic factorKazuhiro Sohya, Kazunori O’Hashi and Hiroshi KunugiPart II: Neurology, physiology and imaging15. The different syndromes in Parkinson’s disease: an overviewNikolaos Giagkou and Maria Stamelou16. Neuromolecular imaging in Parkinson’s diseasePatricia A. Broderick and Leslie Wenning17. Interlinking brain mapping and Parkinson’s disease: MRI analysis, nigrosome 1 and nigrosome 4Eung Yeop Kim, Young Hee Sung and Jongho Lee18. Interconnecting Parkinson’s disease: the use of computed tomography and microelectrode recording in DBS surgeryRyan B. Kochanski and Sepehr Sani19. Linking diffusion tensor imaging, microstructures and Parkinson’s diseaseYu Zhang, Norbert Schuff, I-Wei Wu and Duygu Tosun20. Detecting parkinsonian degeneration in lateroventral tier of substantia nigra pars compacta with MRIJason Langley, Daniel E. Huddleston and Xiaoping P. Hu21. Vagal motoneurons in Parkinson’s diseaseRuth E. Musgrove, Wei-Hua Chiu and Joshua A. Goldberg22. Circadian clock disruption and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease: a new perspective Elisabetta Lauretti and Domenico Praticò23. Motor cortex stimulation in Parkinson’s diseaseAngelo Lavano, Giusy Guzzi, Attilio Della Torre and Domenico La Torre24. Action programming disorders associated with Parkinson’s diseaseKenneth M. Heilman25. The striatal medium spiny neurons: what they are and how they link with Parkinson’s diseaseFu-Ming Zhou26. Disruptions of frontostriatal language functions in Parkinson’s diseaseAdolfo M. García, Yamile Bocanegra, Agustina Birba, Juan Rafael Orozco-Arroyave, Lucas Sedeño and Agustín Ibañez27. Alpha-synuclein and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s diseaseTatiana Varanita and Luigi Bubacco28. Tau and its interactions with other proteins in neurodegenerative diseasesKatelyn H. Mroczek, Sarah J. Annesley and Paul R. Fisher29. Interaction between brain angiotensin and dopaminergic systems and Parkinson’s diseaseJose Luis Labandeira-Garcia, Pablo Garrido-Gil, Maria A. Pedrosa, Carmen M. Labandeira and Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez30. Restoring dopamine levels in Parkinson’s disease: neuronal pathways, agonists and antiinflammatory agentsÁgatha Oliveira-Giacomelli, C.M. Albino, Hellio Danny Nóbrega de Souza and Henning UlrichPart III: Behaviour and psychopathology 31. Motivation and motivational aspects of Parkinson’s diseaseAbdeslam Chagraoui, Emilie Puginier and Philippe De Deurwaerdère32. Linking anxiety, cognitive and sensory deficits to gait and balance deficits in Parkinson’s diseaseQuincy J. Almeida33. Motor programs interlinking gait and bradykinesia in Parkinson’s diseaseTateo Warabi, Kiyoharu Inoue and Nobuo Yanagisawa34. Olfactory disturbances in Parkinson’s diseaseLais S. Rodrigues, Juliane Fagotti, Adriano D.S. Targa, Ana Carolina D. Noseda, Jessica L. Ilkiw, Flavia W.C. Dorieux and Marcelo M.S. Lima35. Interlinking dementia in Parkinson’s disease: nutritional correlates of body compositionArthur Oscar Schelp, Jéssica Emy Komuro, José Eduardo Corrente and Silvia Justina Papini36. The role of the gastrointestinal system and gut microbiota in Parkinson’s diseaseJade Kenna and Ryan S. Anderton37. Swallowing impairment in Parkinson’s diseaseMaira Rozenfeld Olchik, Marina Padovani and Annelise Ayres38. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and applications to Parkinson’s diseaseSvetlana Tomic39. The efficacy of Bacopa monnieri extract in modulating Parkinson’s diseaseDr. Ravikumar HosamaniPart V: Models, modelling and resources40. 6-hydroxydopamine-induced model of Parkinson’s diseaseKatarzyna Kaczyńska and Kryspin Andrzejewski41. Knockdown transgenic Drosophila and Parkinson’s diseaseMarlene Jimenez-Del-Rio and Carlos Velez-Pardo42. Neuroprotection in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: exploring exercise, sound, and lightJohn Mitrofanis43. Modeling with the A53T α-synuclein model of Parkinson’s diseaseThomas Musacchio, James B. Koprich and Chi Wang Ip44. Linking the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene, animal models, and Parkinson’s diseaseYulan Xiong and Jianzhong Yu45. Neuroscience of Parkinson’s disease: recommended reading and resourcesRajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel and Victor R. Preedy

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

• Part I: Genetics, molecular and cellular biology2. Alpha-synuclein gene and Parkinson’s diseaseAthina-Maria Simitsi, Chistos Koros and Leonidas Stefanis3. The DJ-1 gene and protein: links with Parkinson’s diseaseVanessa J. Musco, Sarah J. Annesley and Paul R. Fisher4. Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase: relevance to Parkinson’s diseaseGelareh Alam and Jason R. Richardson5. Linking glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) variants and Parkinson’s diseasectoria Berge-Seidl and Mathias Toft6. Astrocytes and microglia in Parkinson’s disease and animal modelsKatarzyna Kuter7. The role of autophagy in Parkinson’s disease etiopathogenesisEmanuel Candeias, Jãao Duarte Magalhães, Daniel Santos, Helena Costa, Diana F. Silva, Ana Raquel Esteves and Sandra Morais Cardoso8. The mitochondrial network in Parkinson’s diseaseAndreas Aufschnaiter, Verena Kohler and Sabrina Büttner9. Signal transduction in Parkinson’s disease: modulation of neurotransmission, symptomatology, and therapyMattia Volta10. Oxidative stress signaling and regulated cell death in Parkinson’s diseaseCarlos Velez-Pardo and Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio11. Subcellular-specific alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s diseaseBenjamin Rosen, Ketan S. Patil, Guido W. Alves and Simon G. Møller12. Melanocortin 1 receptor: Parkinson’s disease, melanoma risk, and neuroprotectionGemma Tell-Marti, Joan Anton Puig-Butillé and Susana Puig13. Energy regulation and Parkinson’s diseaseLiting Hang and Kah-Leong Lim14. Linking rotigotine, Parkinson’s disease, and brain-derived neurotrophic factorKazuhiro Sohya, Kazunori O’Hashi and Hiroshi KunugiPart II: Neurology, physiology and imaging15. The different syndromes in Parkinson’s disease: an overviewNikolaos Giagkou and Maria Stamelou16. Neuromolecular imaging in Parkinson’s diseasePatricia A. Broderick and Leslie Wenning17. Interlinking brain mapping and Parkinson’s disease: MRI analysis, nigrosome 1 and nigrosome 4Eung Yeop Kim, Young Hee Sung and Jongho Lee18. Interconnecting Parkinson’s disease: the use of computed tomography and microelectrode recording in DBS surgeryRyan B. Kochanski and Sepehr Sani19. Linking diffusion tensor imaging, microstructures and Parkinson’s diseaseYu Zhang, Norbert Schuff, I-Wei Wu and Duygu Tosun20. Detecting parkinsonian degeneration in lateroventral tier of substantia nigra pars compacta with MRIJason Langley, Daniel E. Huddleston and Xiaoping P. Hu21. Vagal motoneurons in Parkinson’s diseaseRuth E. Musgrove, Wei-Hua Chiu and Joshua A. Goldberg22. Circadian clock disruption and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease: a new perspective Elisabetta Lauretti and Domenico Praticò23. Motor cortex stimulation in Parkinson’s diseaseAngelo Lavano, Giusy Guzzi, Attilio Della Torre and Domenico La Torre24. Action programming disorders associated with Parkinson’s diseaseKenneth M. Heilman25. The striatal medium spiny neurons: what they are and how they link with Parkinson’s diseaseFu-Ming Zhou26. Disruptions of frontostriatal language functions in Parkinson’s diseaseAdolfo M. García, Yamile Bocanegra, Agustina Birba, Juan Rafael Orozco-Arroyave, Lucas Sedeño and Agustín Ibañez27. Alpha-synuclein and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s diseaseTatiana Varanita and Luigi Bubacco28. Tau and its interactions with other proteins in neurodegenerative diseasesKatelyn H. Mroczek, Sarah J. Annesley and Paul R. Fisher29. Interaction between brain angiotensin and dopaminergic systems and Parkinson’s diseaseJose Luis Labandeira-Garcia, Pablo Garrido-Gil, Maria A. Pedrosa, Carmen M. Labandeira and Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez30. Restoring dopamine levels in Parkinson’s disease: neuronal pathways, agonists and antiinflammatory agentsÁgatha Oliveira-Giacomelli, C.M. Albino, Hellio Danny Nóbrega de Souza and Henning UlrichPart III: Behaviour and psychopathology 31. Motivation and motivational aspects of Parkinson’s diseaseAbdeslam Chagraoui, Emilie Puginier and Philippe De Deurwaerdère32. Linking anxiety, cognitive and sensory deficits to gait and balance deficits in Parkinson’s diseaseQuincy J. Almeida33. Motor programs interlinking gait and bradykinesia in Parkinson’s diseaseTateo Warabi, Kiyoharu Inoue and Nobuo Yanagisawa34. Olfactory disturbances in Parkinson’s diseaseLais S. Rodrigues, Juliane Fagotti, Adriano D.S. Targa, Ana Carolina D. Noseda, Jessica L. Ilkiw, Flavia W.C. Dorieux and Marcelo M.S. Lima35. Interlinking dementia in Parkinson’s disease: nutritional correlates of body compositionArthur Oscar Schelp, Jéssica Emy Komuro, José Eduardo Corrente and Silvia Justina Papini36. The role of the gastrointestinal system and gut microbiota in Parkinson’s diseaseJade Kenna and Ryan S. Anderton37. Swallowing impairment in Parkinson’s diseaseMaira Rozenfeld Olchik, Marina Padovani and Annelise Ayres38. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and applications to Parkinson’s diseaseSvetlana Tomic39. The efficacy of Bacopa monnieri extract in modulating Parkinson’s diseaseDr. Ravikumar HosamaniPart V: Models, modelling and resources40. 6-hydroxydopamine-induced model of Parkinson’s diseaseKatarzyna Kaczyńska and Kryspin Andrzejewski41. Knockdown transgenic Drosophila and Parkinson’s diseaseMarlene Jimenez-Del-Rio and Carlos Velez-Pardo42. Neuroprotection in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: exploring exercise, sound, and lightJohn Mitrofanis43. Modeling with the A53T α-synuclein model of Parkinson’s diseaseThomas Musacchio, James B. Koprich and Chi Wang Ip44. Linking the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene, animal models, and Parkinson’s diseaseYulan Xiong and Jianzhong Yu45. Neuroscience of Parkinson’s disease: recommended reading and resourcesRajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel and Victor R. Preedy