David J. Hosken, PhD, is Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn, UK. John Hunt, PhD, is Professor of Ecology at the Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn, UK and at the School of Science & Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury, NSW, Australia. Nina Wedell, PhD, is a Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn, UK.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xv1 Nature, Nurture, and Nature-by-Nurture – Killing the Dichotomy 1David J. Hosken, John Hunt and Nina WedellAcknowledgements 7References 72 Ultimate (Re)Thinking for Behavioural Biology 11Sasha R. X. Dall, John M. McNamara and Alastair J. Wilson2.1 Evolutionary Reasoning in Modern Behavioural Biology 132.2 A Quantitative Genetic View of Behavioural Evolution 152.3 Short-Term Ultimate Reasoning: Behavioural Genetics in a Functional Context 202.4 Concluding Remarks 21References 223 How the Dual Inheritance of Genes and Culture Shapes Behaviour: A Critical Review with a Focus on Human Culture and Behavioural Diversity 27Thomas E. Currie3.1 Culture and Behaviour 273.2 Cultural Evolution 303.2.1 Processes of Cultural Evolution 313.2.1.1 Variation 313.2.1.2 Inheritance 323.2.1.3 Selection and Fitness 343.3 Insights from Cultural Evolutionary Approaches 373.3.1 Adaptive and Maladaptive Behaviour 373.4 Cultural History 393.5 Culture and the Evolution of Co-operation 423.6 Gene–Culture Coevolution 453.7 Conclusion 48Acknowledgements 50References 504 Beyond Genes and Environments: Indirect Genetic Effects and the Evolution of Behaviour 61John Hunt, James Rapkin, Clarissa M. House and Alastair J. Wilson4.1 A Quantitative Genetic View of Behavioural Evolution without IGEs 634.2 Adding IGEs to the Traditional Theory 664.2.1 'Trait-Based' and 'Variance Partitioning' Models of IGEs 674.3 From Theory Towards Empiricism 684.3.1 Using Trait-Based Models 694.3.2 Using Variance Partitioning Models 714.3.3 Is Knowledge of the Interactor Trait Critical to Your Study? 724.4 Empirical Evidence for IGEs on Behavioural Traits 734.4.1 Social Plasticity of Behaviour is Widespread 734.4.2 Does Social Plasticity Generate IGEs on Focal Behaviour? 784.5 What are the Evolutionary Consequences of IGEs? 814.5.1 What about the Role of Social Selection? 824.5.2 What Happens When Ψ is Also Able to Evolve? 834.5.3 Can IGEs Influence Other Important Evolutionary Processes? 834.5.4 What are the Longer Term Consequences of IGEs? 854.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 85References 875 Genes and Behaviour 93Chelsea A. Weitekamp and Laurent Keller5.1 Genetic Architecture of Phenotypic Traits 945.2 Effects of Single Genes on Behaviour 955.2.1 The Foraging Gene and Food-Search Behaviour 975.2.2 Arginine Vasopressin Receptor and Pair-Bonding Behaviour 985.2.3 Neuropeptide Y Homolog, Sensory Neurons, and Social Feeding Behaviour 985.3 Effects of Supergenes on Behaviour 995.3.1 Social Organization in Ants 1005.3.2 Alternative Mating Tactics in Birds 1005.4 Evolvability of Behaviour-Associated Genes 1015.5 Are Behavioural Traits Unique? 1015.6 Conclusion 103Acknowledgements 103References 1036 Genes and Environments in Drosophila Sex 111David J. Hosken, Amanda Bretman, Stephen F. Goodwin and C. Ruth Archer6.1 Some Challenges 1116.2 Introducing Drosophila 1126.3 The Behaviours 1126.4 The Genes 1136.4.1 Single Genes 1136.4.2 Many Additive Genes 1156.5 The Environments and the Interactions 1166.5.1 Social Environments 1166.5.2 Abiotic Environments 1196.6 Conclusions 120Acknowledgements 120References 1207 Nature and Nurture in Parental Care 131Nick J. Royle and Allen J. Moore7.1 Genetics Underlying Parental Care 1337.1.1 Quantitative Genetic Studies 1347.1.2 Molecular Genetic Studies 1357.2 Parental Care is Environmentally Sensitive 1377.2.1 Hormonal Mediation of Parental Care 1387.3 Gene by Family Environment Interactions 1417.3.1 GxFE Studies 1417.3.2 Heritability of the Social Environment and IGEs 1437.3.3 Coadaptation and Correlational Selection (Social Epistasis as a Special Case of GxFE) 1457.4 Summary and Conclusion 147References 1488 The Effect of Non-Self Genes on the Behaviour of Hosts 157Nina Wedell8.1 What are Non-Self Genes (NSGs)? 1588.2 Indirect Effects of NSGs 1588.3 Direct Effects of NSGs 1598.4 Host Responses 1608.5 Odour is a Key Signal 1618.6 Kin Recognition 1628.7 Mate Choice and Reproductive Behaviour 1638.8 Aggressiveness 1668.9 Activity, Aggregation, and Dispersal 1678.10 Feeding 1688.11 Learning and Memory 1708.12 Summary and Conclusion 171References 1729 The Nature and Nurturing of Animal Minds 181Alex Thornton and Neeltje J. Boogert9.1 Cognition Evolves 1839.1.1 Adaptive Cognitive Specializations 1839.1.2 Heritability of Cognitive Traits 1859.2 Cognition Develops 1879.2.1 Cognitive Consequences of a Poor Start in Life 1879.2.2 Cognitive Silver Spoons 1889.2.3 Adaptive Developmental Plasticity in Cognition 1899.3 Cognitive Reaction Norms: Mind-Moulding Gene-by-Environment Interactions 1919.3.1 The Mystery of (the Lack of) Cognitive Resilience 1929.3.2 Practice Makes Perfect: Genetic Quality and Cognitive Silver Spoons 1939.3.3 Cultural and Epigenetic Inheritance of Cognitive Traits 1949.3.4 Gene by Environment and Methodological Issues in Comparative Cognition 1949.4 Conclusion 195References 19610 Evolution and Human Behaviour: Helping to Make Sense of Modern Life 203Louise Barrett and Gert Stulp10.1 Understanding Interaction 20410.2 Understanding the Scope and Limits of an Evolutionary Approach 20510.3 Evolutionary Thinking as Puzzle Solving 20610.4 Recognizing the Consequences of Our Actions 20810.5 Thinking Differently about Fertility Control 21010.6 Modern Contraception and Mate Choice 21210.7 Evolution and Assisted Reproductive Technologies 21410.8 No Free Lunch 21610.9 Conclusion 217References 21811 Next-Gen and the Study of Behaviour 223Simone Immler11.1 Current Sequencing Technologies 22311.1.1 Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) and Linkage Mapping 22411.1.1.1 Microarrays 22611.1.1.2 RAD Sequencing 22711.1.1.3 Exome Sequencing 22711.1.1.4 Whole-Genome Sequencing 22711.1.2 Gene Expression Analyses 22811.1.2.1 RNA Sequencing (RNAseq) 22811.1.3 Epigenetic Analyses 22811.1.3.1 CHiP Sequencing (CHiPseq) 22811.1.3.2 Bisulfite Sequencing 22911.2 Caveats and Challenges and Some Solutions 22911.2.1 Solid Phenotype 22911.2.2 Sample Quality 23011.2.3 Sampling 23011.2.4 Libraries and Sample Pools 23011.2.5 Reference Genome 23111.2.6 Sample Size 23211.2.7 Replication 23211.2.8 Coverage 23211.2.9 Pilot Studies 23311.2.10 Time and Planning 23311.2.11 Bioinformatics 23311.2.12 Collaboration 23411.3 Linking Behavioural Phenotypes to Genotypes using NGS 23411.4 What’s Next 23711.4.1 Understanding the Non-Coding Regions of the Genome 23811.4.2 Gene Knock-down and Knock-out in Non-Model Organisms 23811.5 Concluding Remarks 240References 24012 Nature-Nurture in the Twenty-First Century 245Nina Wedell, John Hunt and David J. HoskenAcknowledgements 249References 249Index 253

David J. Hosken, PhD, is Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn, UK. John Hunt, PhD, is Professor of Ecology at the Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn, UK and at the School of Science & Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury, NSW, Australia. Nina Wedell, PhD, is a Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn, UK.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xv1 Nature, Nurture, and Nature-by-Nurture – Killing the Dichotomy 1David J. Hosken, John Hunt and Nina WedellAcknowledgements 7References 72 Ultimate (Re)Thinking for Behavioural Biology 11Sasha R. X. Dall, John M. McNamara and Alastair J. Wilson2.1 Evolutionary Reasoning in Modern Behavioural Biology 132.2 A Quantitative Genetic View of Behavioural Evolution 152.3 Short-Term Ultimate Reasoning: Behavioural Genetics in a Functional Context 202.4 Concluding Remarks 21References 223 How the Dual Inheritance of Genes and Culture Shapes Behaviour: A Critical Review with a Focus on Human Culture and Behavioural Diversity 27Thomas E. Currie3.1 Culture and Behaviour 273.2 Cultural Evolution 303.2.1 Processes of Cultural Evolution 313.2.1.1 Variation 313.2.1.2 Inheritance 323.2.1.3 Selection and Fitness 343.3 Insights from Cultural Evolutionary Approaches 373.3.1 Adaptive and Maladaptive Behaviour 373.4 Cultural History 393.5 Culture and the Evolution of Co-operation 423.6 Gene–Culture Coevolution 453.7 Conclusion 48Acknowledgements 50References 504 Beyond Genes and Environments: Indirect Genetic Effects and the Evolution of Behaviour 61John Hunt, James Rapkin, Clarissa M. House and Alastair J. Wilson4.1 A Quantitative Genetic View of Behavioural Evolution without IGEs 634.2 Adding IGEs to the Traditional Theory 664.2.1 'Trait-Based' and 'Variance Partitioning' Models of IGEs 674.3 From Theory Towards Empiricism 684.3.1 Using Trait-Based Models 694.3.2 Using Variance Partitioning Models 714.3.3 Is Knowledge of the Interactor Trait Critical to Your Study? 724.4 Empirical Evidence for IGEs on Behavioural Traits 734.4.1 Social Plasticity of Behaviour is Widespread 734.4.2 Does Social Plasticity Generate IGEs on Focal Behaviour? 784.5 What are the Evolutionary Consequences of IGEs? 814.5.1 What about the Role of Social Selection? 824.5.2 What Happens When Ψ is Also Able to Evolve? 834.5.3 Can IGEs Influence Other Important Evolutionary Processes? 834.5.4 What are the Longer Term Consequences of IGEs? 854.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 85References 875 Genes and Behaviour 93Chelsea A. Weitekamp and Laurent Keller5.1 Genetic Architecture of Phenotypic Traits 945.2 Effects of Single Genes on Behaviour 955.2.1 The Foraging Gene and Food-Search Behaviour 975.2.2 Arginine Vasopressin Receptor and Pair-Bonding Behaviour 985.2.3 Neuropeptide Y Homolog, Sensory Neurons, and Social Feeding Behaviour 985.3 Effects of Supergenes on Behaviour 995.3.1 Social Organization in Ants 1005.3.2 Alternative Mating Tactics in Birds 1005.4 Evolvability of Behaviour-Associated Genes 1015.5 Are Behavioural Traits Unique? 1015.6 Conclusion 103Acknowledgements 103References 1036 Genes and Environments in Drosophila Sex 111David J. Hosken, Amanda Bretman, Stephen F. Goodwin and C. Ruth Archer6.1 Some Challenges 1116.2 Introducing Drosophila 1126.3 The Behaviours 1126.4 The Genes 1136.4.1 Single Genes 1136.4.2 Many Additive Genes 1156.5 The Environments and the Interactions 1166.5.1 Social Environments 1166.5.2 Abiotic Environments 1196.6 Conclusions 120Acknowledgements 120References 1207 Nature and Nurture in Parental Care 131Nick J. Royle and Allen J. Moore7.1 Genetics Underlying Parental Care 1337.1.1 Quantitative Genetic Studies 1347.1.2 Molecular Genetic Studies 1357.2 Parental Care is Environmentally Sensitive 1377.2.1 Hormonal Mediation of Parental Care 1387.3 Gene by Family Environment Interactions 1417.3.1 GxFE Studies 1417.3.2 Heritability of the Social Environment and IGEs 1437.3.3 Coadaptation and Correlational Selection (Social Epistasis as a Special Case of GxFE) 1457.4 Summary and Conclusion 147References 1488 The Effect of Non-Self Genes on the Behaviour of Hosts 157Nina Wedell8.1 What are Non-Self Genes (NSGs)? 1588.2 Indirect Effects of NSGs 1588.3 Direct Effects of NSGs 1598.4 Host Responses 1608.5 Odour is a Key Signal 1618.6 Kin Recognition 1628.7 Mate Choice and Reproductive Behaviour 1638.8 Aggressiveness 1668.9 Activity, Aggregation, and Dispersal 1678.10 Feeding 1688.11 Learning and Memory 1708.12 Summary and Conclusion 171References 1729 The Nature and Nurturing of Animal Minds 181Alex Thornton and Neeltje J. Boogert9.1 Cognition Evolves 1839.1.1 Adaptive Cognitive Specializations 1839.1.2 Heritability of Cognitive Traits 1859.2 Cognition Develops 1879.2.1 Cognitive Consequences of a Poor Start in Life 1879.2.2 Cognitive Silver Spoons 1889.2.3 Adaptive Developmental Plasticity in Cognition 1899.3 Cognitive Reaction Norms: Mind-Moulding Gene-by-Environment Interactions 1919.3.1 The Mystery of (the Lack of) Cognitive Resilience 1929.3.2 Practice Makes Perfect: Genetic Quality and Cognitive Silver Spoons 1939.3.3 Cultural and Epigenetic Inheritance of Cognitive Traits 1949.3.4 Gene by Environment and Methodological Issues in Comparative Cognition 1949.4 Conclusion 195References 19610 Evolution and Human Behaviour: Helping to Make Sense of Modern Life 203Louise Barrett and Gert Stulp10.1 Understanding Interaction 20410.2 Understanding the Scope and Limits of an Evolutionary Approach 20510.3 Evolutionary Thinking as Puzzle Solving 20610.4 Recognizing the Consequences of Our Actions 20810.5 Thinking Differently about Fertility Control 21010.6 Modern Contraception and Mate Choice 21210.7 Evolution and Assisted Reproductive Technologies 21410.8 No Free Lunch 21610.9 Conclusion 217References 21811 Next-Gen and the Study of Behaviour 223Simone Immler11.1 Current Sequencing Technologies 22311.1.1 Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) and Linkage Mapping 22411.1.1.1 Microarrays 22611.1.1.2 RAD Sequencing 22711.1.1.3 Exome Sequencing 22711.1.1.4 Whole-Genome Sequencing 22711.1.2 Gene Expression Analyses 22811.1.2.1 RNA Sequencing (RNAseq) 22811.1.3 Epigenetic Analyses 22811.1.3.1 CHiP Sequencing (CHiPseq) 22811.1.3.2 Bisulfite Sequencing 22911.2 Caveats and Challenges and Some Solutions 22911.2.1 Solid Phenotype 22911.2.2 Sample Quality 23011.2.3 Sampling 23011.2.4 Libraries and Sample Pools 23011.2.5 Reference Genome 23111.2.6 Sample Size 23211.2.7 Replication 23211.2.8 Coverage 23211.2.9 Pilot Studies 23311.2.10 Time and Planning 23311.2.11 Bioinformatics 23311.2.12 Collaboration 23411.3 Linking Behavioural Phenotypes to Genotypes using NGS 23411.4 What’s Next 23711.4.1 Understanding the Non-Coding Regions of the Genome 23811.4.2 Gene Knock-down and Knock-out in Non-Model Organisms 23811.5 Concluding Remarks 240References 24012 Nature-Nurture in the Twenty-First Century 245Nina Wedell, John Hunt and David J. HoskenAcknowledgements 249References 249Index 253

David J. Hosken, PhD, is Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn, UK. John Hunt, PhD, is Professor of Ecology at the Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn, UK and at the School of Science & Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury, NSW, Australia. Nina Wedell, PhD, is a Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn, UK.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xv1 Nature, Nurture, and Nature-by-Nurture – Killing the Dichotomy 1David J. Hosken, John Hunt and Nina WedellAcknowledgements 7References 72 Ultimate (Re)Thinking for Behavioural Biology 11Sasha R. X. Dall, John M. McNamara and Alastair J. Wilson2.1 Evolutionary Reasoning in Modern Behavioural Biology 132.2 A Quantitative Genetic View of Behavioural Evolution 152.3 Short-Term Ultimate Reasoning: Behavioural Genetics in a Functional Context 202.4 Concluding Remarks 21References 223 How the Dual Inheritance of Genes and Culture Shapes Behaviour: A Critical Review with a Focus on Human Culture and Behavioural Diversity 27Thomas E. Currie3.1 Culture and Behaviour 273.2 Cultural Evolution 303.2.1 Processes of Cultural Evolution 313.2.1.1 Variation 313.2.1.2 Inheritance 323.2.1.3 Selection and Fitness 343.3 Insights from Cultural Evolutionary Approaches 373.3.1 Adaptive and Maladaptive Behaviour 373.4 Cultural History 393.5 Culture and the Evolution of Co-operation 423.6 Gene–Culture Coevolution 453.7 Conclusion 48Acknowledgements 50References 504 Beyond Genes and Environments: Indirect Genetic Effects and the Evolution of Behaviour 61John Hunt, James Rapkin, Clarissa M. House and Alastair J. Wilson4.1 A Quantitative Genetic View of Behavioural Evolution without IGEs 634.2 Adding IGEs to the Traditional Theory 664.2.1 'Trait-Based' and 'Variance Partitioning' Models of IGEs 674.3 From Theory Towards Empiricism 684.3.1 Using Trait-Based Models 694.3.2 Using Variance Partitioning Models 714.3.3 Is Knowledge of the Interactor Trait Critical to Your Study? 724.4 Empirical Evidence for IGEs on Behavioural Traits 734.4.1 Social Plasticity of Behaviour is Widespread 734.4.2 Does Social Plasticity Generate IGEs on Focal Behaviour? 784.5 What are the Evolutionary Consequences of IGEs? 814.5.1 What about the Role of Social Selection? 824.5.2 What Happens When Ψ is Also Able to Evolve? 834.5.3 Can IGEs Influence Other Important Evolutionary Processes? 834.5.4 What are the Longer Term Consequences of IGEs? 854.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 85References 875 Genes and Behaviour 93Chelsea A. Weitekamp and Laurent Keller5.1 Genetic Architecture of Phenotypic Traits 945.2 Effects of Single Genes on Behaviour 955.2.1 The Foraging Gene and Food-Search Behaviour 975.2.2 Arginine Vasopressin Receptor and Pair-Bonding Behaviour 985.2.3 Neuropeptide Y Homolog, Sensory Neurons, and Social Feeding Behaviour 985.3 Effects of Supergenes on Behaviour 995.3.1 Social Organization in Ants 1005.3.2 Alternative Mating Tactics in Birds 1005.4 Evolvability of Behaviour-Associated Genes 1015.5 Are Behavioural Traits Unique? 1015.6 Conclusion 103Acknowledgements 103References 1036 Genes and Environments in Drosophila Sex 111David J. Hosken, Amanda Bretman, Stephen F. Goodwin and C. Ruth Archer6.1 Some Challenges 1116.2 Introducing Drosophila 1126.3 The Behaviours 1126.4 The Genes 1136.4.1 Single Genes 1136.4.2 Many Additive Genes 1156.5 The Environments and the Interactions 1166.5.1 Social Environments 1166.5.2 Abiotic Environments 1196.6 Conclusions 120Acknowledgements 120References 1207 Nature and Nurture in Parental Care 131Nick J. Royle and Allen J. Moore7.1 Genetics Underlying Parental Care 1337.1.1 Quantitative Genetic Studies 1347.1.2 Molecular Genetic Studies 1357.2 Parental Care is Environmentally Sensitive 1377.2.1 Hormonal Mediation of Parental Care 1387.3 Gene by Family Environment Interactions 1417.3.1 GxFE Studies 1417.3.2 Heritability of the Social Environment and IGEs 1437.3.3 Coadaptation and Correlational Selection (Social Epistasis as a Special Case of GxFE) 1457.4 Summary and Conclusion 147References 1488 The Effect of Non-Self Genes on the Behaviour of Hosts 157Nina Wedell8.1 What are Non-Self Genes (NSGs)? 1588.2 Indirect Effects of NSGs 1588.3 Direct Effects of NSGs 1598.4 Host Responses 1608.5 Odour is a Key Signal 1618.6 Kin Recognition 1628.7 Mate Choice and Reproductive Behaviour 1638.8 Aggressiveness 1668.9 Activity, Aggregation, and Dispersal 1678.10 Feeding 1688.11 Learning and Memory 1708.12 Summary and Conclusion 171References 1729 The Nature and Nurturing of Animal Minds 181Alex Thornton and Neeltje J. Boogert9.1 Cognition Evolves 1839.1.1 Adaptive Cognitive Specializations 1839.1.2 Heritability of Cognitive Traits 1859.2 Cognition Develops 1879.2.1 Cognitive Consequences of a Poor Start in Life 1879.2.2 Cognitive Silver Spoons 1889.2.3 Adaptive Developmental Plasticity in Cognition 1899.3 Cognitive Reaction Norms: Mind-Moulding Gene-by-Environment Interactions 1919.3.1 The Mystery of (the Lack of) Cognitive Resilience 1929.3.2 Practice Makes Perfect: Genetic Quality and Cognitive Silver Spoons 1939.3.3 Cultural and Epigenetic Inheritance of Cognitive Traits 1949.3.4 Gene by Environment and Methodological Issues in Comparative Cognition 1949.4 Conclusion 195References 19610 Evolution and Human Behaviour: Helping to Make Sense of Modern Life 203Louise Barrett and Gert Stulp10.1 Understanding Interaction 20410.2 Understanding the Scope and Limits of an Evolutionary Approach 20510.3 Evolutionary Thinking as Puzzle Solving 20610.4 Recognizing the Consequences of Our Actions 20810.5 Thinking Differently about Fertility Control 21010.6 Modern Contraception and Mate Choice 21210.7 Evolution and Assisted Reproductive Technologies 21410.8 No Free Lunch 21610.9 Conclusion 217References 21811 Next-Gen and the Study of Behaviour 223Simone Immler11.1 Current Sequencing Technologies 22311.1.1 Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) and Linkage Mapping 22411.1.1.1 Microarrays 22611.1.1.2 RAD Sequencing 22711.1.1.3 Exome Sequencing 22711.1.1.4 Whole-Genome Sequencing 22711.1.2 Gene Expression Analyses 22811.1.2.1 RNA Sequencing (RNAseq) 22811.1.3 Epigenetic Analyses 22811.1.3.1 CHiP Sequencing (CHiPseq) 22811.1.3.2 Bisulfite Sequencing 22911.2 Caveats and Challenges and Some Solutions 22911.2.1 Solid Phenotype 22911.2.2 Sample Quality 23011.2.3 Sampling 23011.2.4 Libraries and Sample Pools 23011.2.5 Reference Genome 23111.2.6 Sample Size 23211.2.7 Replication 23211.2.8 Coverage 23211.2.9 Pilot Studies 23311.2.10 Time and Planning 23311.2.11 Bioinformatics 23311.2.12 Collaboration 23411.3 Linking Behavioural Phenotypes to Genotypes using NGS 23411.4 What’s Next 23711.4.1 Understanding the Non-Coding Regions of the Genome 23811.4.2 Gene Knock-down and Knock-out in Non-Model Organisms 23811.5 Concluding Remarks 240References 24012 Nature-Nurture in the Twenty-First Century 245Nina Wedell, John Hunt and David J. HoskenAcknowledgements 249References 249Index 253