This volume contains the first comprehensive edition of the most important medical compendium on gastrointestinal ailments, bile-induced diseases, and fever from ancient Mesopotamia: the Stomach Treatise from Ashurbanipal’s royal library at Nineveh. Assembled three millennia ago from symptom descriptions, drug recipes, incantations, and healing rituals, this treatise formed part of the only authoritative source of knowledge on therapeutic medicine at the time, the Nineveh Medical Encyclopaedia. With numerous textual improvements based on first-hand examinations of the manuscripts and more than a dozen new joins, the Stomach Treatise now finds its rightful place alongside the Ebers Papyrus and the Greco-Roman medical traditions as one of the key representatives of ancient medical thought.