Future of Helium as a Natural Resource

William J. Nuttall is University Senior Lecturer in Technology Policy at the Judge Business School, at the University of Cambridge, UK.Richard Clarke is a Cryogenic Process and Helium Specialist at Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, a UK-based research organisation developing fusion as a sustainable, long term energy source. Bartek A. Glowacki is Reader in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, UK.

• 1. Introduction Richard H. Clarke, William J. Nuttall and Bartek A. Glowacki 2. A history of the helium industry Bo Sears 3. The US federal helium reserve Joseph B. Peterson 4. Helium in Algeria: pioneering helium extraction from LNG Benjamin Reinoehi 5. LNG: the global liquefied natural gas industry Andrew Flower 6. Helium in Russia Benjamin Hooker 7. India: haressing helium from the Earth's interior Nisith K. Das, Rakesh K. Bhandari and Shri C. Mallik 8. Helium from the air: the backstop Richard H. Clarke and Roger Clark 9. Helium demand: application, prices and substitution Zhiming Cai, Richard H. Clarke and William J. Nuttall 10. The dynamics of the helium market William J. Nuttall, Zhiming Cai, Bartek A. Glowacki, Nikolaos Kazantzis and Richard H. Clarke 11. Closed-cycle refrigeration: minimizing helium demand in cryogenic applications Thomas W. Bradshaw and Trevor Miller 12. Medical imaging: why helium prevails Adrian Thomas 13. Rising to the challenges of constrained helium supply in cryogenic systems for the research market John W. Burgoyne and Michael N. Cuthbert 14. Helium and nuclear fission energy Richard Stainsby 15. Helium and fusion energy Richard H. Clarke and Zhiming Cai 16. Substituting hydrogen for helium in cryogenic applications Bartek A. Glowacki 17. Is there a helium problem? Ways forward Ralph Scurlock and Art Francis 18. The future of helium: policy, molecules and machines William J. Nuttall, Richard H. Clarke and Bartek A. Glowacki