Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Children's Nurses

Ian Peate, OBE FRCN is Principal, School of Health Studies, Gibraltar; Visiting Professor of Nursing, St George’s University of London and Kingston University London; Visiting Professor, Northumbria University; Visiting Senior Clinical Fellow, University of Hertfordshire, and Editor-in-Chief of the British Journal of Nursing.Peter Dryden is a Programme Lead for Children’s Nursing and a Senior Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Midwifery & Health, Northumbria University, UK. He has worked on a number of National and Regional developments such as National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) standards for IBD.

• Contributors xvPreface xxvAcknowledgements xxviiPrefixes and Suffixes xxixAbbreviations xliAbout the Companion Website xliii1 Introduction to Pharmacology, Children and Young People 1Introduction to Pharmacology 2Professional Framework 2The Importance and Value of Medicine Within Healthcare 3Therapeutic Pharmacology 3Social Prescribing 4Safety Within Paediatric Care 5Medicines Optimisation 5Medicines 6Medicine Management 6Safety: Rights of Medication Administration 7Specific Considerations for Babies, Children and Young People 7Infancy 7Adolescents 9Tablets 10Distraction Techniques 10Conclusion 11Glossary 11References 12Further Resources 12Multiple Choice Questions 13Find Out More 142 How to Use Pharmaceutical and Prescribing Reference Guides 17Introduction 18The British National Formulary and the British National Formulary for Children 19Paper Copy BNFc 19How to navigate the BNFc 19Online and Mobile Application BNFc 23Monthly Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS) 24Electronic Medicines Compendium 26What can be Prescribed on an NHS Prescription? 26Other Guides to Prescribing 27The Evidence Base to Prescribing: Prescribing Guidelines 28Conclusion 30References 30Further Resources 30Multiple Choice Questions 303 Legal and Ethical Issues 33Introduction 34The Law 34The Bolam Test 35The Children Act 2004 36Duty of Care and Healthcare 37Regulation of Healthcare 37Ethical Principles and Theories 38Research 39Children and Young People who are under 16 years – Gillick and Fraser Guidance 42Assessing and Promoting Competence 42Parental Responsibility 43Medication Adherence and Administration 43Conclusion 44References 45Further Resources 47Multiple Choice Questions 47Find Out More 484 Medicines Management and the Role of the Healthcare Provider Working with Children, Young People and Families 49Introduction 50Being an Accountable Professional 51Nursing and Midwifery Council 51Employer and Colleagues 51Promoting Health and Preventing Ill Health 52Holistic Assessment 52Assessing Needs and Planning Care 53Self‐Medication 55Complementary and Alternative Medication (CAM) 58Planning 58Providing and Evaluating Care 58Checking 59Evaluation 59Leading and Managing Nursing Care and Working in Teams 60Improving Safety and Quality 62Coordinating Care 63Conclusion 65References 65Further Resources 66Multiple Choice Questions 66Find Out More 685 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics 69Introduction 70Royal Pharmaceutical Society 70The Nursing and Midwifery Council 70Pharmacokinetics 70Think Paediatrics 79Pharmacodynamics 81Conclusion 85Glossary 85References 85Further Resources 87Multiple Choice Questions 876 Drug Formulations 89Introduction 90Licensing of Paediatric Medicines 90Types of Formulations 91Excipients 96Enteral Feeding Tubes 97Displacement Values 100Conclusion 101Glossary 101References 101Further Resources 103Multiple Choice Questions 103Find Out More 1057 Medications Used in the Cardiovascular System 107Introduction 108Gross Anatomy Related to Cardiovascular System (CVS) Pharmacology 108Cardiovascular Drugs Affecting Chronic Conditions 110Anticoagulant Medications 112Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors 113Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists 114Peripheral Alpha Antagonist or Alpha‐Adrenergic Blockers: ‘Alpha Blockers’ 114Cardiovascular Drugs for Use in Acute Clinical Scenarios 114Electrophysiological System Recap 114Drugs with an Inotropic Effect 117Drugs with a Chronotropic Effect 121Conclusion 123Glossary 124References 124Further Resources 125Multiple Choice Questions 126Find Out More 1278 Medications Used in the Renal System 129Introduction 130Anatomy and Physiology of the Renal System 130Common Renal Conditions 132Nephrotic Syndrome 132Treatment of MCNS 134Drugs Used to Treat Electrolyte Disorders 138Conclusion 145Glossary 145References 146Further Resources 147Multiple Choice Questions 148Find Out More 1499 Medications Used in the Endocrine System 151Introduction 152The Endocrine System 152Medications Used in Endocrine Disorders Affecting Growth 154Endocrine Disorders of Puberty 157Drugs Used to Block Puberty or the Action of Sex Steroids 160Drugs Used to Reduce the Action of Sex Steroids 161Medications Used in Disorders of the Adrenal Glands 162Medications Used in the Management of Diabetes 163Conclusion 163Glossary 169References 169Further Resources 170Multiple Choice Questions 170Find Out More 17210 Medications Used in the Respiratory System 173Introduction 174Asthma 175Croup 177Bronchiolitis 178Pneumonia 178Cystic Fibrosis 179Respiratory Medicines 180Antibiotics 187Mucolytics 188Other Respiratory Drugs 188Conclusion 189Glossary 190References 190Further Resources 191Multiple Choice Questions 191Find Out More 19211 Medications Used in the Gastrointestinal System 195Introduction 196Overview of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System 196The Stomach 197Small Intestines 198The Liver 199The Gallbladder 199The Pancreas 199The Large Intestine 199Gastro‐Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD) 200Enteral Feeding Tubes and Medication Administration 204Constipation 208Crohn’s Disease 211Conclusion 214Glossary 214References 215Further Resources 216Multiple Choice Questions 216Find Out More 21812 Medications Used in the Nervous System 219Introduction 220Epilepsy 221Guillain–Barre Syndrome 228Migraine 230Status Migrainosus 234Conclusion 234Glossary 234References 234Further Resources 237Multiple Choice Questions 237Appendix 1: AEDs Used in Treatment of Childhood Epilepsy 23913 The Immune System and Immunisations 241Introduction 242Types of Immunity 242How Immunisations Work 243Immunisation and Public Health 245Immunisation Schedule 246Vaccine Uptake 246The ‘Cold Chain’ 248Patient Specific Directions and Patient Group Directives 248Administration of Vaccines 248Common Reactions and Anaphylaxis 250Communication with the Child and Family 251The Green Book 252Conclusion 252Glossary 252References 252Further Resources 253Multiple Choice Questions 253Find Out More 25514 Medications and the Integumentary System 257Introduction 258Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary System 258The Epidermis 258Common Skin Conditions 259Conclusion 270Glossary 271References 271Further Resources 272Multiple Choice Questions 272Find Out More 27415 Medications Used in Children and Young People’s Mental Health 275Introduction 276What Is Psychopharmacology? 276Medications 276Conclusion 288Glossary 288References 289Further Resources 290Multiple Choice Questions 291Find Out More 29216 Medications Used in Children and Young People’s cancer 293Introduction 294Cancer 294Cell Cycle 295Chemotherapies 296Immunotherapies in Treating Cancer 301Corticosteroid Use in Cancer 308Conclusion 312Glossary 312References 312Further Resources 314Multiple Choice Questions 314Find Out More 31617 Analgesics 317Introduction 318Pain Pathways 318Definitions and Categories of Pain 319Importance of Individualised Pain Assessments 320Assessment Tools 321Multimodal Management Strategies 323Pharmacological Management 324Non‐opioids 325Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NAIDs) 327Opioid Agonists 327Codeine Phosphate 331Dihydrocodeine 331Tramadol 331Morphine 332Fentanyl 332Adjuvants and Co‐analgesics – Gabapentinoids 333Inhalation Analgesics 333Local, Regional and Topical Analgesia 334Conclusion 337Glossary 337References 338Further Resources 340Multiple Choice Questions 341Find Out More 34218 Antimicrobial Medications 343Introduction 344Microorganisms 344Antimicrobial Medications 345Antibacterial Medications 345Penicillins 347Antiviral Medications 351Antifungal Medications 354Antiprotozoal Medications 357Antimicrobial Resistance 359Antimicrobial Stewardship 360Prescribing Antimicrobials 362Conclusion 362Glossary 363References 363Further Resources 364Multiple Choice Questions 365Find Out More 36619 Adverse Drug Reactions 367Introduction 368Adverse Events 369Side Effects 369Preventing ADRs 370Recognising ADRs 371ADRs and Immunisations 372Allergic Reactions 373Anaphylaxis 373Medicines Safety and Reporting ADRs 376Reporting ADRs via The Yellow Card System 377Conclusion 379References 379Further Resources 380Multiple Choice Questions 380Answers 383Index 387