Fundamentals of Midwifery

ABOUT THE EDITOR Louise Lewis is a Lecturer in Midwifery in the Faculty of Health and Social Care at the University of Hull.

• About the series xiiContributors xiiiForeword xvPreface xviAcknowledgements xviiHow to use your textbook xviiiAbout the companion website xxiiChapter 1 To be a midwife 1Nicky Clark and Carol PaeglisIntroduction 1The professional status and regulation of midwifery 2The NMC 2European Union 3The International Confederation of Midwives 6Key midwifery concepts 6Interpersonal skills and attributes 7Professional expectations 9Life as a student midwife 9The programme 10The statutory supervision of midwives 12Raising and escalating concerns 13Quality assurance 13Student support 14Health screening 14Criminal record 15Life as a midwife 16Career routes 16Conclusion 16End of chapter activities 17Glossary of terms 19References 20Chapter 2 Team working 22Mary Beadle and Sue TownendIntroduction 22Woman-centred care 23Effective team working 23What is a team? 24Leadership 25Management 25Communication 28Collaboration 29Power dynamics 31Regulation 32Escalating concerns 33Team player 34Conclusion 35End of chapter activities 36Glossary of terms 38References 38Chapter 3 Sociology applied to maternity care 42Mary Beadle and Sarah WiseIntroduction 42Overview of sociological perspectives 42Definition of society 43Domestic abuse 46Poverty 47Gender and sexuality 49Ethnicity and race 51Disability 52Health and wellbeing 53Conclusion 56End of chapter activities 56Glossary of terms 58References 58Chapter 4 Psychology applied to maternity care 61Julie Jomeen and Lynda BatemanIntroduction 61Defining psychology 62Theories of psychology 62Psychology and public health in maternity care 64Health beliefs and behaviours 65Social cognition models 66Emotions across the childbearing experience 68Birth 70Postnatal considerations 71Women and midwives: relationships and communication 74Initiating, building and maintaining relationships 76Bonding and attachment 78Conclusion 82End of chapter activities 82Glossary of terms 84References 84Chapter 5 Parenthood 90Olanma Ogbuehi and Jacqui PowellIntroduction 90Parenthood 91Genetic, biological and social parents 95Conception across the lifespan 102Disability and parenting 109Parenting styles and expert advice 110Conclusion 112End of chapter activities 113Glossary of terms 114References 115Chapter 6 Antenatal midwifery care 120Julie Flint and Carol LambertIntroduction 120National policy on care provision in the United Kingdom 121Individualised care of a woman 123Being pregnant 124Booking for care 125Fetal health screening and monitoring 126Inherited factors and disorders 127Routine care for all pregnant women 128Body changes 129Deviations from normality 129Wellbeing 129Women’s self-identity and decision-making about care 131Midwife–woman relationship for decision-making 133Influencing women in their decision-making 133Birth preparation and parent education 134Conclusion 135End of chapter activities 136Glossary of terms 137References 139Chapter 7 Intrapartum midwifery care 142Julie Flint and Sue TownendIntroduction 142Facilitating and maintaining normality in childbirth 143Place of birth 145Birth preparation for coping with labour 145Onset, process and progress of labour 146Care and compassion 152Birth partners 153Assisting the normal physiological process 154Outside the parameters of normality 154Pain management in labour 154Midwifery craftsmanship 155Medical intervention 156Meeting the baby 157Third stage management 157Perineal care 158Decision-making 159Conclusion 159End of chapter activities 161Glossary of terms 162References 163Chapter 8 Postnatal midwifery care 166Louise Lewis and Lisa LachanudisIntroduction 166The history of postnatal care 167Anatomy and physiology of the puerperium 168Immediate postnatal period 171Venous thromboembolism 172Changes to postnatal care 173Physiological maternal morbidity 174Quality standards influencing postnatal care provision 175A time-honoured tradition or a dying art? 175Care and compassion: promoting a healthy psychological adaptation to motherhood 176Engaging fathers 177Safeguarding vulnerable adults and babies 178Where to get help 181Reducing the risk of sudden infant death syndrome 181Postnatal exercise advice for new mothers 182Other responsibilities of the midwife in the postnatal period 182Conclusion 183End of chapter activities 183Glossary of terms 184References 185Chapter 9 Care of the newborn 188Liz Smith and Brenda WaiteIntroduction 188Transition to extra-uterine life 188Fetal circulation 189Apgar scoring 189Basic resuscitation of the newborn 192Immediate care of the newborn 193Maintaining health in the first few days of life 195Skin care and hygiene of the newborn 197Jaundice 199Neonatal screening 202Advice for parents 203Detailed neonatal examination by the midwife 204Conclusion 206End of chapter activities 206Glossary of terms 207References 208Chapter 10 Infant feeding 210Louise Lewis and Liz MasonIntroduction 210Why breastfeeding is important 211The way breastfeeding works 213Supporting effective infant feeding 217Biological nurturing – a different breastfeeding approach 221Getting enough milk 222Reasons for expressing breastmilk 224Identifying and managing common breastfeeding problems 228When breastfeeding is not recommended 229Supporting mothers to formula feed 230Conclusion 231End of chapter activities 231Glossary of terms 233References 234Chapter 11 Public health and health promotion 237Olanma Ogbuehi, Fiona Robinson and Catriona JonesIntroduction 237The concept and definition of health 238Epidemiology 240Demography 241Conception rates 241Fertility rates 241Birth and death statistics 241Domains of public health 243Health improvement: the midwife and health promotion 244Health surveillance 245Improving health services through clinical audit: confidential enquiries intomaternal and child health 245Health inequalities 246Determinants of health 247Guidance for public health 248Revisiting the midwife’s role in public health 249Domestic abuse 256Conclusion 257End of chapter activities 259Glossary of terms 260References 261Chapter 12 Contraception and family planning 266Liz Smith and Sarah WiseIntroduction 266What is meant by ‘family planning’? 266Appropriate timing of advice 267Psychosexual issues 268Cultural aspects 268Providing advice 268Methods of contraception 270Further advice and treatment 277Conclusion 277End of chapter activities 278Glossary of terms 279References 280Chapter 13 Perinatal mental health 281Julie Jomeen and Nicky ClarkIntroduction 281The importance of mental health in a maternity context 282Putting PMI into perspective 282Identification and assessment 285Identifying risk factors 285Antenatal, postnatal or a continuum 286Prevalence and incidence 287Categories of PMI 288Serious mental illness (SMI) 293Care provision 294Conclusion 295End of chapter activities 296Glossary of terms 297References 298Chapter 14 Complementary and alternative medicines applied to maternity care 302Catriona Jones and Jane MarshIntroduction 302Definition of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) 303The field of CAM 304Why is CAM important to know about? 307The CAM philosophy 309The growth of interest in CAM 309CAM and patient satisfaction 310Women, midwifery and CAM 311Promoting normality and reducing unnecessary intervention 312Evidence for the safety and efficacy of CAM 313The role of the midwife in CAM administration 315Regulation 316Conclusion 317End of chapter activities 318Glossary of terms 319References 320Chapter 15 Pharmacology and medicines management 323Mary Beadle and Andrea HiltonIntroduction 323Medicines management 324Pharmacology 328Monographs 333Numeracy 337Conclusion 340End of chapter activities 341Glossary of terms 343References 344Chapter 16 Emergencies in midwifery 346Liz Smith and Brenda WaiteIntroduction 346Assessment 347Shock 347Maternal resuscitation 350Basic life support 351Antepartum haemorrhage 354Postpartum haemorrhage 356Obstetric interventions 359Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia 360Shoulder dystocia 363Thromboembolism 366Conclusion 368End of chapter activities 369Glossary of terms 370References 371Chapter 17 Bereavement and loss 373Liz Smith and Brenda WaiteIntroduction 373Terminology 373Theories 374Communication 376Culture and religion 377Care around the time of death 378Care following loss 379Midwifery care 380Maternal death 382Peer support for midwives 383Support groups 383Conclusion 384Glossary of terms 385End of chapter activities 386References 386Answers 387Index 402