Fundamentals of Heat Engines

Jamil Ghojel, PhD, has over 24 years of experience teaching undergraduate and graduate students of mechanical and aerospace engineering and performing research in heat engines at the University of Damascus (Syria), the University of Michigan as a Visiting Fulbright Scholar (USA), the University of Melbourne (Australia), and Monash University (Australia).

• Series Preface ixPreface xiGlossary xiiiAbout the Companion Website xviiPart I Fundamentals of Engineering Science 1Introduction I: Role of Engineering Science 21 Review of Basic Principles 41.1 Engineering Mechanics 41.2 Fluid Mechanics 111.3 Thermodynamics 19Problems 392 Thermodynamics of Reactive Mixtures 452.1 Fuels 452.2 Stoichiometry 452.3 Chemical Reactions 472.4 Thermodynamic Properties of the Combustion Products 562.5 First Law Analysis of Reacting Mixtures 592.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 672.7 Entropy Change in Reacting Mixtures 732.8 Second Law Analysis of Reacting Mixtures 742.9 Chemical and Phase Equilibrium 752.10 Multi-Species Equilibrium Composition of Combustion Products 81Problems 90Part II Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines 95Introduction II: History and Classification of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines 963 Ideal Cycles for Natural-Induction Reciprocating Engines 993.1 Generalised Cycle 993.2 Constant-Volume Cycle (Otto Cycle) 1043.3 Constant Pressure (Diesel) Cycle 1063.4 Dual Cycle (Pressure-Limited Cycle) 1083.5 Cycle Comparison 114Problems 1164 Ideal Cycles for Forced-Induction Reciprocating Engines 1194.1 Turbocharged Cycles 1194.2 Supercharged Cycles 1264.3 Forced Induction Cycles with Intercooling 1294.4 Comparison of Boosted Cycles 138Problems 1405 Fuel-Air Cycles for Reciprocating Engines 1435.1 Fuel-Air Cycle Assumptions 1435.2 Compression Process 1445.3 Combustion Process 1455.4 Expansion Process 1485.5 Mean Effective Pressure 1485.6 Cycle Comparison 150Problems 1516 Practical Cycles for Reciprocating Engines 1536.1 Four-Stroke Engine 1536.2 Two-Stroke Engine 1576.3 Practical Cycles for Four-Stroke Engines 1606.4 Cycle Comparison 1726.5 Cycles Based on Combustion Modelling (Wiebe Function) 1736.6 Example of Wiebe Function Application 1826.7 Double Wiebe Models 1846.8 Computer-Aided Engine Simulation 186Problems 1887 Work-Transfer System in Reciprocating Engines 1897.1 Kinematics of the Piston-Crank Mechanism 1897.2 Dynamics of the Reciprocating Mechanism 1937.3 Multi-Cylinder Engines 2067.4 Engine Balancing 215Problems 2248 Reciprocating Engine Performance Characteristics 2288.1 Indicator Diagrams 2288.2 Indicated Parameters 2318.3 Brake Parameters 2338.4 Engine Design Point and Performance 2358.5 Off-Design Performance 239Problems 247Part III Gas Turbine Internal Combustion Engines 251Introduction III: History and Classification of Gas Turbines 2529 Air-Standard Gas Turbine Cycles 2549.1 Joule-Brayton Ideal Cycle 2549.2 Cycle with Heat Exchange (Regeneration) 2589.3 Cycle with Reheat 2609.4 Cycle with Intercooling 2639.5 Cycle with Heat Exchange and Reheat 2659.6 Cycle with Heat Exchange and Intercooling 2679.7 Cycle with Heat Exchange, Reheat, and Intercooling 2689.8 Cycle Comparison 270Problems 27210 Irreversible Air-Standard Gas Turbine Cycles 27410.1 Component Efficiencies 27510.2 Simple Irreversible Cycle 28010.3 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange (Regenerative Irreversible Cycle) 28410.4 Irreversible Cycle with Reheat 28710.5 Irreversible Cycle with Intercooling 28810.6 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange and Reheat 29010.7 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange and Intercooling 29210.8 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange, Reheat, and Intercooling 29410.9 Comparison of Irreversible Cycles 295Problems 29711 Practical Gas Turbine Cycles 29911.1 Simple Single-Shaft Gas Turbine 29911.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Air 30011.3 Compression Process in the Compressor 30111.4 Combustion Process 30211.5 Expansion Process in the Turbine 314Problems 31612 Design-Point Calculations of Aviation Gas Turbines 31712.1 Properties of Air 31712.2 Simple Turbojet Engine 32212.3 Performance of Turbojet Engine – Case Study 32812.4 Two-Spool Unmixed-Flow Turbofan Engine 33712.5 Performance of Two-Spool Unmixed-Flow Turbofan Engine – Case Study 35012.6 Two-Spool Mixed-Flow Turbofan Engine 35712.7 Performance of Two-Spool Mixed-Flow Turbofan Engine – Case Study 369Problems 37313 Design-Point Calculations of Industrial Gas Turbines 37613.1 Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine 37613.2 Performance of Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine – Case Study 37913.3 Two-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine 38713.4 Performance of Two-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine – Case Study 390Problems 39414 Work-Transfer System in Gas Turbines 39814.1 Axial-Flow Compressors 39814.2 Radial-Flow Compressors 40414.3 Axial-Flow Turbines 40714.4 Radial-Flow Turbines 422Problems 42715 Off-Design Performance of Gas Turbines 42915.1 Component-Matching Method 42915.2 Thermo-Gas-Dynamic Matching Method 446Problems 464Bibliography 466Appendix A Thermodynamic Tables 469Appendix B Dynamics of the Reciprocating Mechanism 485Appendix C Design Point Calculations – Reciprocating Engines 492C.1 Engine Processes 492Appendix D Equations for the Thermal Efficiency and Specific Work of Theoretical Gas Turbine Cycles 497Nomenclature 498Index 499