Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics

DR. ROBERT D. ZUCKER (deceased) was a Professor of Aeronautics at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA. He was an active member of the American Society for Engineering Education and also a member of the AIAA. DR. OSCAR BIBLARZ is a Professor Emeritus at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA. He has extensive teaching and research experience and his main research areas have been in aerospace propulsion, fluid mechanics and gas lasers. He is a member of the AIAA.

• Preface to Third Edition xiPreface to Second Edition xiiiTo the Student xvAbout the Companion Website xix1 Definitions and Fundamental Principles 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Units and Notation 21.3 Why we use Nondimensional Quantities 81.4 Thermodynamic Concepts for Control Mass Analysis 12Review Questions 21Review Problems 242 Control Volume Analysis—Part I 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Objectives 282.3 Flow Dimensionality and Average Velocity 282.4 Transformation of a Material Derivative to a Control Volume Approach 312.5 Conservation of Mass 372.6 Conservation of Energy 392.7 Summary 48Problems 50Check Test 533 Control Volume Analysis—Part II 553.1 Introduction 553.2 Objectives 553.3 Comments on Entropy 563.4 Pressure-Energy Equation 583.5 The Stagnation Concept 603.6 Stagnation Pressure-Energy Equation 643.7 Consequences of Constant Density 663.8 Momentum Equation 713.9 Summary 80Problems 82Check Test 884 Introduction to Compressible Flow 914.1 Introduction 914.2 Objectives 924.3 Sonic Speed and Mach Number 924.4 Wave Propagation 984.5 Equations for Perfect Gases in Terms of Mach Number 1004.6 h–s and T–s Diagrams 1074.7 Summary 108Problems 109Check Test 1125 Varying-Area Adiabatic Flow 1155.1 Introduction 1155.2 Objectives 1165.3 General Fluid with No Losses 1175.4 Perfect Gases with Losses 1235.5 The ∗ Reference Concept 1275.6 Isentropic Table 1295.7 Nozzle Operation 1365.8 Nozzle Performance 1445.9 Diffuser Performance 1465.10 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 1485.11 Beyond the Tables 1485.12 Summary 152Problems 153Check Test 1576 Standing Normal Shocks 1596.1 Introduction 1596.2 Objectives 1606.3 Shock Analysis: General Fluid 1606.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 1636.5 Normal-Shock Table 1676.6 Shocks in Nozzles 1726.7 Supersonic Wind Tunnel Operation 1786.8 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 1806.9 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 1826.10 Summary 183Problems 184Check Test 1887 Moving and Oblique Shocks 1917.1 Introduction 1917.2 Objectives 1927.3 Normal Velocity Superposition: Moving Normal Shocks 1927.4 Tangential Velocity Superposition: Oblique Shocks 1967.5 Oblique-Shock Analysis: Perfect Gas 2027.6 Oblique-Shock Table and Charts 2047.7 Boundary Condition of Flow Direction 2067.8 Boundary Condition of Pressure Equilibrium 2107.9 Conical Shocks 2137.10 The Shock Tube 2167.11 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 2197.12 Summary 221Problems 222Check Test 2278 Prandtl–Meyer Flow 2298.1 Introduction 2298.2 Objectives 2298.3 Argument for Isentropic Turning Flow 2308.4 Analysis of Prandtl–Meyer Flow 2378.5 Prandtl–Meyer Function 2418.6 Overexpanded and Underexpanded Nozzles 2448.7 Supersonic Airfoils 2498.8 Aerospike Nozzle 2548.9 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 2568.10 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 2578.11 Summary 258Problems 259Check Test 2649 Fanno Flow 2679.1 Introduction 2679.2 Objectives 2679.3 Analysis for a General Fluid 2689.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 2759.5 Reference State and Fanno Table 2809.6 Applications 2859.7 Correlation with Shocks 2909.8 Friction Choking 2929.9 (Optional) How the Left-Hand-Side of Equation (9.40) Arose 2969.10 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 2969.11 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 2979.12 Summary 298Problems 300Check Test 30510 Rayleigh Flow 30710.1 Introduction 30710.2 Objectives 30810.3 Analysis for a General Fluid 30910.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 31910.5 Reference State and the Rayleigh Table 32310.6 Applications 32610.7 Correlation with Shocks 33010.8 Thermal Choking Due to Heating 33410.9 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 33810.10 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 33810.11 Summary 339Problems 341Check Test 34711 Real Gas Effects 34911.1 Introduction 34911.2 Objectives 35011.3 What’s Really Going on 35111.4 Semiperfect Gas Behavior and Development of the Gas Tables 35411.5 Real Gas Behavior, Equations of State and, Compressibility Factors 36111.6 Variable-γ Variable-Area Flows 36511.7 Variable-γ Constant-Area Flows 37311.8 High-Energy Gas Lasers 37511.9 Summary 377Problems 380Check Test 38112 Propulsion Systems 38312.1 Introduction 38312.2 Objectives 38412.3 Brayton Cycle 38412.4 Propulsion Engines 39412.5 General Performance Parameters, Thrust, Power, and Efficiency 41212.6 Air-Breathing Propulsion Systems Performance Parameters 41912.7 Air-Breathing Propulsion Systems Incorporating Real Gas Effects 42412.8 Rocket Propulsion Systems Performance Parameters 42612.9 Supersonic Diffusers 43112.10 Summary 434Problems 435Check Test 439AppendicesA Summary of the English Engineering (EE) System of Units 441B Summary of the International System (SI) of Units 445C Friction-Factor Chart 449D Oblique-Shock Charts (γ = 1.4) (Two-Dimensional) 451E Conical-Shock Charts (γ = 1.4) (Three-Dimensional) 455F Generalized Compressibility Factor Chart 459G Isentropic Flow Parameters (γ = 1.4) (Including Prandtl–Meyer Function) 461H Normal-Shock Parameters (γ = 1.4) 473I Fanno Flow Parameters (γ = 1.4) 483J Rayleigh Flow Parameters (γ = 1.4) 495K Properties of Air at Low Pressure 507L Specific Heats of Air at Low Pressures 517Selected References 519Answers to Problems 523Index 535