OLIVER C. IBE, ScD, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and the Associate Dean of Engineering for Undergraduate Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA. He has sixteen years of experience in the telecommunication industry including stints as Chief Technology Officer and cofounder of Sineria Networks, and the Director of Network Architecture at both Spike Broadband Systems and Adaptive Broadband Corporation. Dr. Ibe has published numerous books on the subjects of telecommunication technologies and applied probability.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xix1 Overview of Data Communication Networks 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Data Communication Network Model 11.3 Classification of Data Communication Networks 31.3.1 Transmission Method 31.3.2 Data Flow Direction 31.3.3 Network Topology 41.3.4 Geographical Coverage 71.3.5 Transmission Medium 81.3.6 Data Transfer Technique 81.3.7 Network Access Technique 91.3.8 Media Sharing Technique 91.4 Data Network Architecture 111.4.1 The OSI Protocol Reference Model 111.4.2 The Internet Architecture 121.5 Summary 142 Physical Layer 172.1 Introduction 172.2 Classification of Signals 172.3 Periodic Signals 182.4 Fourier Analysis of Periodic Signals 182.4.1 Reconstructing a Function from its Fourier Series 202.4.2 Fourier Analysis of Even and Odd Functions 212.4.3 Parseval’sTheorem 222.4.4 Complex Form of Fourier Series 232.5 Fourier Transform of Nonperiodic Signals 232.6 Filters 242.7 Line Coding 262.8 Modulation 282.8.1 Trigonometric Refresher Course 302.8.2 Amplitude Modulation 312.8.2.1 Overmodulation and Distortion 342.8.2.2 Single-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier Amplitude Modulation 342.8.3 Frequency Modulation 362.8.4 Phase Modulation 382.9 SamplingTheorem 382.9.1 Analyzing Impulse Train Sampling 392.9.2 Reconstruction of the Continuous-Time Signal 402.9.3 Statement of the SamplingTheorem 422.9.4 Proof of the SamplingTheorem 422.10 Analog-to-Digital Conversion: From PAM to PCM 442.10.1 Pulse Code Modulation 442.10.2 Quantization Noise 452.11 Basic DigitalModulation Schemes 462.11.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying 462.11.2 Frequency-Shift Keying 472.11.3 Phase-Shift Keying 482.12 Media Sharing Schemes 502.12.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 502.12.1.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 522.12.2 Time Division Multiplexing 522.12.2.1 Synchronous Versus Asynchronous TDM 522.13 Modems 542.14 Transmission Media 542.14.1 Twisted Pair 552.14.2 Coaxial Cable 552.14.3 Optical Fiber 562.14.3.1 Fiber Modes 582.14.4 Wireless Medium 592.15 Channel Impairments 612.15.1 Attenuation 612.15.2 Noise 612.15.2.1 Concept of Decibel 632.15.2.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 642.15.3 Distortion 652.15.4 Equalization 662.16 Summary 683 Data Link Layer Protocols 733.1 Introduction 733.2 Framing 733.3 Bit Stuffing 743.4 Flow Control 743.4.1 The Stop-and-Wait Protocol 753.4.2 The SlidingWindow Flow Control 753.5 Error Detection 763.5.1 Parity Checking 763.5.2 Two-Dimensional Parity 773.5.3 Cyclic Redundancy Checking 783.6 Error Control Protocols 803.6.1 Stop-and-Wait ARQ 813.6.2 Go-Back-N ARQ 813.6.3 Selective Repeat ARQ 823.7 Data Link Control Protocols 823.7.1 High-level Data Link Control 833.7.1.1 HDLC Frame Format 843.7.1.2 Control Field Format 853.7.2 Point-to-Point Protocol 863.7.2.1 PPP Components 873.7.2.2 PPP Frame Format 873.7.2.3 PPP Link Control 883.8 Summary 894 Multiple Access Schemes 914.1 Introduction 914.2 Multiplexing Schemes Revisited 924.2.1 FDM 934.2.2 TDM 934.2.3 CDM 934.3 Orthogonal Access Schemes 934.3.1 FDMA 944.3.2 TDMA 944.3.3 CDMA 954.4 Controlled Access Schemes 964.4.1 Centralized Polling 964.4.2 Token Passing 964.4.3 Service Policies 964.5 Random Access Schemes 974.5.1 Aloha System 974.5.2 Slotted Aloha 984.5.3 CSMA 984.5.4 CSMA/CD 994.5.4.1 Why Listen While Transmitting in CSMA/CD 1004.5.5 CSMA/CA 1024.6 Summary 1025 Local Area Networks 1055.1 Introduction 1055.2 Ethernet 1055.2.1 Ethernet Frame Structure 1065.2.2 IEEE 802.3 LAN Types 1075.2.3 Ethernet Topologies 1085.2.4 LAN Switching 1105.2.5 Classification of Ethernet Switching 1115.2.6 Frame Forwarding Methods 1125.2.6.1 Store-and-Forward Switching 1125.2.6.2 Cut-Through Switching 1135.2.6.3 Fragment-Free Switching 1135.2.7 Highest Layer used for Forwarding 1135.2.7.1 Layer 2 Switching 1145.2.7.2 Layer 3 Switching 1145.2.7.3 Layer 4 Switching 1155.3 Virtual LANs 1155.3.1 Advantages of VLANs 1155.3.2 Types of VLANs 1175.3.2.1 Port-Based VLAN 1175.3.2.2 MAC Address-Based VLAN 1185.3.2.3 Protocol-Based VLANs 1195.3.3 VLAN Tagging 1205.3.4 Comments 1215.4 Gigabit Ethernet 1225.4.1 Frame Bursting 1235.5 Wireless LANs 1235.5.1 IEEE 802.11bWLAN 1255.5.2 IEEE 802.11aWLAN 1255.5.3 IEEE 802.11gWLAN 1255.5.4 Architecture of the IEEE 802.11WLAN 1265.5.5 Ad Hoc Mode Deployment 1265.5.6 Infrastructure Mode Deployment 1265.5.7 IEEE 802.11WLAN Timers 1275.5.8 IEEE 802.11WLAN Operation 1275.5.9 DCF Mechanism 1285.5.10 PCF Mechanism 1285.5.11 Range and Data Rate Comparison in the PCF Environment 1295.6 Token Ring Network 1295.6.1 Token Frame Fields 1305.6.2 Token-Passing Access Method 1305.6.3 Data/Command Frame Fields 1315.6.4 Token Access Priority 1325.6.5 Logical and Physical Implementation 1335.7 Summary 1346 Network Layer Part I – IP Addressing 1376.1 Introduction 1376.2 IP Address 1376.3 Maximum Transmission Unit 1396.4 IP Version 4 Addressing 1406.4.1 Class A IPv4 Addresses 1416.4.2 Class B IPv4 Addresses 1416.4.3 Class C IPv4 Addresses 1426.4.4 Class D IPv4 Addresses 1426.4.5 Class E IPv4 Addresses 1426.5 IP Subnetting 1436.6 Variable Length Subnet Mask Networks 1456.7 IP Quality of Service 1476.8 Operation of the Explicit Congestion Notification 1496.9 Address Resolution Protocol 1496.9.1 Source and Sink in Same LAN 1506.9.2 Source and Sink in Different LANs: Proxy ARP 1506.9.3 Source and Sink in Different Remote LANs 1516.10 Dealing with Shortage of IPv4 Addresses 1526.10.1 Private Internets 1526.10.2 Network Address Translation 1536.10.3 Classless Inter-Domain Routing 1536.11 IPv6 1546.11.1 IPv6 Header 1566.11.2 Concept of Flexible Addressing in IPv6 1576.12 Summary 1577 Network Layer Part II – Routing 1597.1 Introduction 1597.2 Routing Principle 1597.3 Routing Algorithms 1597.4 Static Versus Dynamic Routing 1607.5 Link-State Versus Distance–Vector Routing 1607.6 Flat Versus Hierarchical Routing 1617.7 Host-Based Versus Router-Intelligent Routing 1617.8 Centralized Versus Distributed Routing 1627.9 Routing Metrics 1627.9.1 Path Length 1637.9.2 Reliability 1637.9.3 Delay 1637.9.4 Bandwidth 1637.9.5 Load 1647.9.6 Communication Cost 1647.10 Flooding Algorithm 1647.11 Distance–Vector Routing Algorithms 1647.12 Link-State Routing Algorithms 1657.13 Routing Protocols 1667.14 Routing Information Protocol 1687.15 Routing Information Protocol Version 2 1687.16 Open Shortest Path First Protocol 1697.16.1 OSPF Routing Hierarchy 1697.16.2 OSPF Routers 1697.16.3 OSPF Routing 1707.16.4 Maintaining the Topological Database 1717.17 Advantages of OSPF Over RIP 1727.18 The Dijkstra’s Algorithm 1727.19 Multicast Routing 1767.20 Types of Multicast Systems 1777.21 Host-Router Signaling 1777.22 Multicast Routing Protocols 1787.22.1 Opt-In Protocols 1797.22.2 Opt-Out Protocols 1807.22.3 Source-Based Tree Protocols 1807.22.4 Shared Tree Protocols 1807.23 Multicast Forwarding 1817.24 Summary 1838 Transport Layer – TCP and UDP 1878.1 Introduction 1878.2 TCP Basics 1898.2.1 TCP Ports 1898.2.2 TCP Sockets 1908.2.3 TCP Segment Format 1918.3 How TCPWorks 1938.3.1 TCP Connection Establishment 1938.3.2 TCP Connection Release 1948.3.3 TCP Connection Management 1958.4 TCP Flow Control 1968.4.1 Slow Start 1988.4.2 Congestion Avoidance 2008.4.3 Fast Retransmit 2018.4.4 Fast Recovery 2028.5 TCP and Explicit Congestion Notification 2038.6 The SYN Flood DoS Attach 2058.7 UDP 2068.8 Summary 2089 Transport Layer – SCTP and DCCP 2099.1 Introduction 2099.2 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 2099.2.1 Motivation for a New Transport Protocol 2109.2.2 Illustration of the HOL Blocking 2119.2.3 Summary of Features of SCTP 2119.2.4 SCTP Packet 2129.2.5 SCTP Header 2129.2.6 Association Establishment 2139.2.7 Four-Way Handshake and the SYN Flood DoS Attach 2149.2.8 Multihoming 2149.2.9 Multistreaming 2169.2.10 SCTP Graceful Shutdown Feature 2179.2.11 Selective Acknowledgments 2189.3 Datagram Congestion Control Protocol 2189.3.1 DCCP Packet Structure 2199.3.2 DCCP Connection 2219.3.3 DCCP Congestion Management 2239.3.3.1 CCID 2–TCP-Like Congestion Control 2249.3.3.2 CCID 3–TCP Friendly Rate Control 2249.4 Summary 22510 Application Layer Services 22910.1 Introduction 22910.2 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 23010.2.1 DHCP Basics 23010.2.2 Discovery Phase 23110.2.3 Offer Phase 23110.2.4 Request Phase 23110.2.5 Acknowledgment Phase 23210.2.6 Example of Configuration Process Timeline 23210.2.7 Address Lease Time 23210.2.8 Static Addresses 23310.3 Domain Name System 23310.3.1 Structure of the DNS 23410.3.2 DNS Queries 23610.3.3 Name-to-Address Resolution Process 23710.3.4 DNS Zones 23810.3.5 DNS Zone Updates 23910.3.5.1 Full Zone Transfer 23910.3.5.2 Incremental Zone Transfer 23910.3.5.3 Notify 24010.3.6 Dynamic Update 24010.3.7 Root Servers 24110.4 Summary 24111 Introduction to Mobile Communication Networks 24311.1 Introduction 24311.2 Radio Communication Basics 24311.3 Model of Radio Communication System 24411.4 RadioWave Propagation 24611.4.1 Free-Space Propagation 24611.4.2 Reflection 24711.4.3 Diffraction 24811.4.4 Scattering 24911.5 Multipath Fading 25011.6 Introduction to Cellular Communication 25211.6.1 Frequency Reuse 25211.6.2 Cellular System Architecture 25311.7 Clusters and Frequency Reuse 25611.8 Co-Channel Interference 25811.9 Cell Splitting 25811.10 Introduction to Mobile Cellular Networks 25811.11 Mobile Cellular Network Architecture 25911.12 Mobility Management: Handoff 26011.12.1 Handoff Schemes 26111.12.2 Hard Handoff versus Soft Handoff 26111.13 Generations of Mobile Communication Networks 26111.13.1 First-Generation Networks 26211.13.2 Second-Generation Networks 26211.13.3 Introduction to the GSM Network 26311.13.4 GSM Channels 26511.13.5 Power Control 26611.13.6 Overview of IS-136 TDMA Networks 26611.13.7 Overview of IS-95 CDMA Networks 26611.13.8 Third-Generation Networks 26911.13.9 Fourth-Generation Networks 27011.13.10 Fifth-Generation Networks 27111.14 A Note on Internet-of-Things 27411.15 Summary 27412 Introduction to Network Security 27712.1 Introduction 27712.2 Types of Network Attacks 27712.3 Security Services 28012.4 Data Encryption Terminology 28112.5 Cryptographic Systems 28112.5.1 Symmetric Cryptosystems 28112.5.2 Public-Key Cryptosystems 28112.5.3 Comparing Symmetric and Public-Key Cryptosystems 28212.5.4 A Hybrid Encryption Scheme 28312.6 Technical Summary of Public-Key Cryptography 28312.6.1 Introduction to NumberTheory 28312.6.2 Congruences 28412.6.3 The Square and Multiply Algorithm 28412.6.4 Euclid’s Algorithm 28512.6.5 Extended Euclid’s Algorithm 28612.6.6 Euler’s Phi Function (Euler’s Totient Function) 28712.6.7 The RSA Algorithm 28712.7 Digital Signatures 28912.7.1 Generating a Digital Signature 28912.7.2 Verifying a Digital Signature 29012.8 IP Security Protocols 29112.8.1 IPSec Modes 29112.8.2 Security Association 29212.8.3 Authentication Header 29212.8.4 Encapsulating Security Payload 29212.8.5 Key Distribution 29312.9 Summary 294Bibliography 295Index 297