Fundamentals of Aquatic Veterinary Medicine

About the EditorsDr Laura Urdes is a Veterinarian and Assistant Professor, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania. Dr Chris Walster is a Qualified Veterinary Surgeon and Director of C & J Walster Limited, Stafford, UK. Dr Julius Tepper is a Veterinarian at the Long Island Fish Hospital, Manorville, NY, USA.

• Preface xvList of Contributors xviiAcknowledgement xixAbout the Companion Website xxi1 Aquatic Environment and Life Support Systems 1Sherry Kasper, Olanike K. Adeyemo, Trista Becker, David Scarfe, Julius Tepper and Wes Baumgartner1.1 Introduction 11.2 The Life‐Support System in Aquaculture and Ornamental Fish Care 21.2.1 Extensive Culture System 31.2.1.1 Ponds 31.2.1.2 Tanks 31.2.2 Semi‐Intensive Culture System 31.2.3 Intensive Culture System 41.3 Physical Features of Life‐Support Systems 41.3.1 Mechanical, Chemical and Other Types of Filtration 41.3.1.1 Ultrasonic Cavitation 51.3.1.2 Ultraviolet Filtration 51.3.1.3 Ozone Filtration 61.3.1.4 Biological Filtration 61.3.2 Aquasystem Water 71.3.2.1 Abiotic (Chemical and Physical) Properties 71.3.2.2 Temperature 71.3.2.3 pH 71.3.2.4 Dissolved Oxygen 81.3.2.5 Carbon Dioxide 81.3.2.6 Nitrogen 91.3.2.7 Hydrogen Sulfide 91.3.2.8 Chlorine 91.3.2.9 Alkalinity 91.3.2.10 Hardness 101.3.2.11 Conductivity, Salinity, Total Dissolved Solids 101.3.2.12 Light, Color, Vibration and Noise 111.3.2.13 Greenhouse Gasses and Climate Change 111.3.2.14 Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate 131.3.2.15 The Nitrogen Cycle 131.3.2.16 Interaction of Chemical and Physical Properties of Water that Affect Aquatic Animal Health 141.3.3 Biotic Factors of Water 151.3.3.1 Biological Oxygen Demand 151.3.3.2 Plants and Algae 151.3.3.3 Algal Bloom 161.3.3.4 Larger Aquatic Plants 161.3.3.5 Pests and Predators 161.4 Monitoring and Regulation of Life‐Support Systems 171.5 Maintaining Optimal Conditions 191.5.1 Biofilms 211.5.2 Chemical Flocculation and Bioflocculation 211.5.2.1 Effect of Therapeutants and Disinfectants on Biofilters 221.5.3 Environmental Toxins and Pollutants 221.5.3.1 Heavy Metals 221.5.3.2 Insecticides 231.5.3.3 Herbicides 241.5.3.4 Harmful Algal Blooms 251.6 Diseases Associated with Suboptimal Water Quality 26References 272 Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology 30Matt Longshaw, Acacia Alcivar-Warren, Wes Baumgartner, Trista Becker, James E. Bogan, Jr.,Erdem Danyer, Sherry Kasper, Nicole Marie Nemeth, and Adolf Maas2.1 Introduction 302.2 Invertebrates 312.2.1 Crustacea 312.2.1.1 Superfamily Penaeidae 312.3 Vertebrates 322.3.1 Fish and Elasmobranchs 322.3.1.1 Agnatha 322.3.1.2 Chondrichthyes 332.3.1.3 Osteichthyes (Teleost) 332.3.2 Amphibians 462.3.2.1 Classification of Amphibians 462.3.3 Reptiles 462.3.3.1 Classification of Reptiles 462.3.4 Aquatic Avian Species (Class Aves) 472.3.5 Aquatic Mammals (Class Mammalia) 472.3.5.1 Cetacea 482.3.5.2 Order Sirenia 482.3.5.3 Order Carnivora – Pinnipedia Group 48References 493 Husbandry and Industries 50Trista Becker, Olanike K. Adeyemo, Erdem Danyer, and Nicholas Saint-Erne3.1 Introduction to chapter 503.2 Husbandry and Industry 503.2.1 Culture Environment 503.2.2 Types of Aquaculture Systems 513.2.2.1 Extensive Culture System 513.2.2.2 Semi‐Intensive Culture System 513.2.2.3 Intensive Culture System 523.2.3 Management of Culture Environment 553.2.3.1 Selection of Stocking Materials and Population Regulation 553.2.3.2 Proper Feeding 553.2.3.3 Reduction of Handling Stress 553.2.4 Natural History and Aquaculture 563.2.5 Environmental and Social Acclimation 563.2.6 Animal Transport 563.2.7 Ornamental Fish Culture 583.3 Nutrition 643.3.1 Feeds and Feeding 643.3.2 Feed Storage 653.3.3 Nutrient Analysis 663.3.4 Nutrient Requirements 663.3.5 Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxicities 663.3.6 Water 703.3.7 Therapeutic Diets 703.3.7.1 Principles and Techniques of Therapeutic Diet Administration During Treatment and Recovery 703.3.7.2 Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Other Feed Additives 71References 714 Pathology of Aquatic Animal Diseases 73Wes Baumgartner, Acacia Alcivar-Warren, Farah Gonul Aydin, Kelly Bateman, Morag Clinton,Padraig Duignan, Mansour El-Matbouli, María J. Forzán, Leo Foyle, Soliman Hatem, GregoryLewbart, Richmond Loh, and Nicole Marie Nemeth4.1 Introduction 734.2 Infectious Diseases 734.2.1 Mycobacteriosis 734.2.2 Columnaris Disease (Flavobacterium columnare) 754.2.3 Motile Aeromonad Septicemia 764.2.4 Furunculosis 774.2.5 Bacterial Kidney Disease 774.2.6 Vibrionaceae Diseases 784.2.7 Edwardsiellosis 794.2.8 Streptococcosis 804.2.9 Nocardiosis 814.2.10 Pseudomoniasis (P. fluorescens) 814.2.11 Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia 814.2.12 Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis 844.2.13 Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis 874.2.14 Salmonid Alphavirus 894.2.15 Infectious Salmon Anemia 904.2.16 Viral Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus 924.2.17 Channel Catfish Virus Disease 944.2.18 Spinning Tilapia Syndrome 954.2.19 Tilapia Lake Virus 954.2.20 Spring Viremia of Carp 954.2.21 Cyprinid Herpesvirus 1 964.2.22 Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 974.2.23 Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 974.3 Parasitic Diseases 984.3.1 Amoebic Gill Disease 984.3.2 Dinoflagellate Infestation (Amyloodinium spp., Piscinoodinium spp.) 994.3.3 Diplomonad Infection (Hexamita/Spironucleus) 1004.3.4 Diplomonad Infection (Ichthyobodo) 1014.3.5 Diplomonad Infection (Cryptobia spp., Trypanosoma spp.) 1024.3.6 Ciliate Infestation 1: Ich and Marine Ich (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Cryptocaryon irritans) 1034.3.7 Other Ciliate Infestations (Genus: Trichodina, Chilodonella, Brooklynella, Epistylis, Apiosoma, Ambiphrya, Tetrahymena, and Others) 1064.3.8 Oomycetes/Water Molds 1084.3.9 Myxozoan Infection (Myxobolus) 1094.4 Diseases with Multiple Causes 1124.4.1 Gas bubble disease 1124.4.2 Nephrocalcinosis 1124.4.3 Neoplasia 1124.4.4 Cataracts 1134.5 Differential Diagnostics of Diseases in Fish 1144.5.1 Salmonids/Coldwater Food Fish 1144.5.2 Warmwater Food Fish 1184.5.3 Tropical/Koi/Goldfish 122References 1275 Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases 135Leo Foyle5.1 Introduction 1355.2 Basic Principles of Aquatic Epidemiology 1365.3 Disease Reporting 1385.4 Control and Eradication of Disease 1395.5 Vaccination 1405.5.1 Vaccine Delivery 1415.6 The Immune Response to Infectious Diseases in Fish 145References 1496 Diagnostics and Treatment of Aquatic Animal Diseases 151Richmond Loh, James E. Bogan, Jr, Mansour El-Matbouli, Soliman Hatem, Jack Kottwitz, Nicholas Saint-Erne, Mona Saleh, and Vasile Vulpe6.1 Introduction 1516.2 Diagnostics 1516.2.1 Basic Sampling 1516.3 Diagnostic Techniques 1526.3.1 Phlebotomy 1526.3.2 Biopsy 1526.4 Diagnostic Imaging 1526.4.1 Imaging Methods Used in the Examination of Fish 1536.4.1.1 Radiography 1536.4.2 Ultrasound 1556.4.3 Necropsy 1586.5 Exploratory Surgery 1586.5.1 Endoscopy 1596.6 Treatment 1606.6.1 Management Strategies 1606.6.2 Drug Therapy: Selection and Use of Drugs 1646.7 Anesthetics and Analgesics 1646.7.1 Terminology 1646.7.2 Methods of Delivering Anesthesia in Fish 1656.7.3 Anesthetic Agents Used in Fish 1656.7.4 Induction of Anesthesia 1656.7.5 Recovery from Anesthesia 1696.7.6 Decontamination 1706.8 Vector Controls 1706.8.1 Rehabilitation Plan 1716.8.2 End of Life Care (Euthanasia protocols and Agents) 1716.8.2.1 Commonly Used Euthanasia Drug Dosages 172References 1737 Clinical Veterinary Experience and Client Communication 175Richmond Loh, Laura Urdes, and Vasile Vulpe7.1 Introduction 1757.2 Clinical Veterinary Experience 1757.2.1 Veterinary Professionalism 1767.2.2 How to Identify Diagnostic Laboratories 1767.2.3 How to Develop and Maintain Appropriate Medical Records 1767.2.4 How to Manage an Aquatic Veterinary Practice: Budgeting, Finance and Legal Aspects 1767.2.5 Assessing Sources in the Context of Clinical Decision Making 1767.2.6 What is Evidence? 1777.2.7 Questions to Ask when Reading a Paper 1787.2.8 Framework for Critical Appraisal 1787.3 Client Communication 1797.3.1 Work Ethics and Principles of Ethical Practice 1797.3.2 Effective Communication 179References 1808 Public Health, Zoonoses, and Seafood Safety 181Olanike K. Adeyemo and Leo Foyle8.1 Introduction 1818.2 Seafood Quality 1818.2.1 Sensory Quality of Fish 1818.2.1.1 The EU Grading Scheme for Whole Fish 1828.2.1.2 Torry Sensory Assessment Scheme 1828.2.1.3 Quality Index Method 1838.2.2 Biochemical and Chemical Quality of Fish 1838.2.2.1 Total Volatile Basic Amines 1838.2.2.2 Ammonia 1838.2.2.3 Trimethylamine 1838.2.2.4 Dimethylamine 1838.2.2.5 Biogenic Amines 1848.2.2.6 Nucleotide Catabolites 1848.2.2.7 Ethanol 1848.2.2.8 Measurements of Oxidative Rancidity 1848.2.3 Microbiological Quality of Fish 1848.2.3.1 Parasitic Infection 1858.2.3.2 Viral Infection 1858.2.3.3 Natural Toxins 1858.2.4 Fish Spoilage 1858.3 Nature and Extent of Public Health Risks from Aquatic Animals and Seafood 1858.3.1 Biological Hazards 1868.3.2 Physical Hazards 1868.3.2.1 Chemical Hazards 1868.4 Zoonoses of Aquatic Animal Origin 1878.4.1 Bacterial Zoonoses 1878.4.1.1 Mycobacteria 1878.4.1.2 Streptococcus iniae 1888.4.1.3 Vibrio Species 1898.4.1.4 Septicemia 1898.4.1.5 Aeromonads 1908.4.1.6 Enterobacteriaceae 1908.4.2 Parasitic Zoonoses 1918.4.3 Viral Zoonoses 1928.4.3.1 Norwalk Virus 1938.4.3.2 Hepatitis A 1938.5 Intoxication 1938.5.1 Botulism 1938.5.2 Histamine Poisoning 1948.5.3 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning 1958.6 Seafood Allergies 1968.7 The Veterinarian’s Role in Protecting Public Health and Seafood Safety 1978.7.1 Monitoring and Control of Seafood Safety 1978.7.1.1 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point 1988.7.1.2 Operational Prerequisite Programs 2008.7.1.3 Weaknesses of HACCP 2008.7.2 The Role of Aquatic Animals and Seafood in the Emergence, Maintenance and Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance to Humans 2018.7.2.1 Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture 2018.8 The Veterinarian’s Role in Preventing Environmental Contamination 2028.8.1 Legal Disposal of Aquatic Animal Remains and Other Biohazards 2028.9 Effluent Treatment Protocols 2038.9.1 Effluent Water Treatment 2038.9.1.1 Sedimentation 2038.9.1.2 Mechanical filtration 2048.9.2 Algal Ponds 2048.9.3 Constructed Wetlands 204References 2059 Legislation, Regulations, and Policies 211Myron Kebus and Chris Walster9.1 Introduction 2119.2 Regulations Affecting the Practice of Veterinary Medicine 2129.3 Animal Health Regulations 2129.4 International Animal Disease Regulations and Standards 2139.5 Economic Impact of Disease Regulations 2139.6 Regulated and Non-Regulated Diseases 2139.7 Role Of Diagnostic Laboratories and Use of Assays 2149.8 Import/Export Regulations, Health Certificates and Movement Permits 2149.8.1 General Considerations 2159.8.2 Role of Producer Best Management Practices 2169.9 Veterinary Drug, Biologics, and Pesticide Regulations 2179.10 Other Regulations 217References 21710 Principles of Aquatic Animal Welfare 218Laura Urdes and Chris Walster10.1 Introduction 21810.2 A Brief Discussion on the Whys and Wherefores of Animal Welfare 21910.3 Ethical Theories of Welfare 22010.3.1 What drives welfare? 22010.3.2 Assessment Welfare Frameworks 22010.3.2.1 The Five Freedoms (Brambell, 1965) 22010.3.2.2 The Five Needs (UK Animal Welfare Act 2006) 22110.3.2.3 The Five Domains (David Mellor, New Zealand) 22110.3.2.4 The Five Opportunities (United States) 22110.3.3 Life Quality of Aquatic Animals Related to the Five Freedoms 22110.3.3.1 Fear and Distress Connected to Predators 22210.3.4 Freedom from Thirst, Hunger and Malnutrition 22310.4 Production 22410.4.1 Breeding 22410.4.1.1 Eggs 22410.4.1.2 Fry 22410.4.1.3 Fingerlings 22510.4.1.4 Growing On 22510.4.2 Health Effects of Poor Nutrition 22510.4.3 Health Effects of Good Nutrition 22610.4.4 Immunostimulants 22610.4.5 Freedom from Discomfort 22610.4.6 Environment 22710.4.7 Freedom from pain, injury and disease 22710.4.8 Prevention of Disease, Prompt Diagnosis and Treatment of the Injured and Diseased 22910.4.9 Pain Management in Fish 23010.4.10 Freedom to Express Normal Behavior 23210.4.11 Freedom from Fear and Distress 23310.5 Conclusion 234References 234Index 236