Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology for Paramedics

ABOUT THE EDITORS Ian Peate is Visiting Professor of Nursing at St George's University of London and Kingston University London; Visiting Professor, Northumbria University; Senior Clinical Fellow, University of Hertfordshire; Professorial Fellow, University of Roehampton; Editor-in-Chief of the British Journal of Nursing, Consultant Editor of the Journal of Paramedic Practice, and Consultant Editor of the International Journal of Advancing Practice.Dr. Simon Sawyer is the Director of Education at the Australian Paramedical College in Queensland, Australia. Simon has worked as an Advanced Life Support Paramedic since 2012. Simon completed a PhD in Paramedicine and holds an Adjunct Senior Lecturer position with the Paramedicine Department at Griffith University.

• Contributors xivAbout the Editors xviiiPreface xixAcknowledgements xxiChapter 1 Learning the Language: Terminology 1Ian PeateIntroduction 1Anatomy and Physiology 2Anatomy 2Physiology 8Terminology 10Pathophysiology 11The Determinants of Health 14Using a Medical Dictionary, Hints and Tips 15Summary 17References 17Further Reading 18Online Resources 18Glossary 18Multiple Choice Questions 18Chapter 2 Cell and Body Tissue Physiology 20Terry Dore and Ian PeateIntroduction 20Cell Anatomy and Function 21The Cell Membrane 22The Cytoplasm 23The Nucleus 23Cellular Reproduction 24Differentiation 26Cellular Organelles 26Body Tissues 28The Ageing Process 29Summary 30References 30Further Reading 31Online Resources 31Glossary 31Multiple Choice Questions 32Chapter 3 Homeostasis 34Sadie Diamond- Fox and Alexandra GatehouseIntroduction 34Homeostatic Mechanisms 35Thermoregulation 36Blood Glucose Homeostasis 38Arterial Blood Pressure Homeostasis 41Plasma Osmolality and Electrolyte Homeostasis 42Acid–Base Homeostasis 45Blood Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Homeostasis 45Summary 48References 48Further Reading 49Online Resources 49Glossary 49Multiple Choice Questions 50Chapter 4 Trauma and Inflammation 52Kylie Kendrick and Scott StewartIntroduction 52Pathophysiology of Trauma and Inflammation 54Management 57Summary 61References 61Further Reading 64Online Resources 64Glossary 64Multiple Choice Questions 66Chapter 5 Shock 68Matt Wilkinson- StokesIntroduction 68Shock 69Pathophysiology of Shock 70Burn Shock 76Stages of Shock 78Identification of Shock 81Management of Shock 82Summary 85Acknowledgement 86References 86Online Resources 87Glossary 87Multiple Choice Questions 87Chapter 6 The Nervous System and Its Associated Disorders 89Tom E. MallinsonIntroduction 89Central Nervous System 90Peripheral Nervous System 97Disorders of the Nervous System 101Traumatic Brain Injury 102Stroke 111Dementia 113Seizures and Epilepsy 117Summary 120References 120Further Reading 121Online Resources 122Glossary 122Multiple Choice Questions 123Chapter 7 The Cardiovascular System and Its Associated Disorders 125Tom E. MallinsonIntroduction 125Gross Anatomy 126Cardiac Cycle 129Diseases of the Heart 134Electrical 143Diseases of the Vasculature 145Summary 146References 146Further Reading 147Online Resources 147Glossary 148Multiple Choice Questions 149Chapter 8 The Blood and Associated Disorders 151David YoreIntroduction 151Functions of Blood 152Composition of Blood 152Blood Groups 155White Blood Cells 156Haemostasis 158Areas of Internal Bleeding of Concern 161Care and Management of Internal Bleeding 163Anaemia 166Sepsis 169External Considerations 170Intracranial Bleeding 170Leukaemia 171Haemophilia 172Summary 173References 174Further Reading 174Online Resources 174Glossary 175Multiple Choice Questions 176Chapter 9 The Renal System and Associated Disorders 178Liam RooneyIntroduction 178Kidneys 179Regulating Blood Pressure: the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System 182Ureters 183Urinary Bladder 184Urethra 185Disorders of the Renal System 186Renal Calculi 186Urinary Tract Infections 190Glomerular Disease 192Diabetic Nephropathy 192Acute Kidney Injury 193Chronic Kidney Disease 193Tumours 194Ageing and the Renal System 195Trauma 195Summary 195References 196Further Reading 196Online Resources 196Glossary 197Multiple Choice Questions 197Chapter 10 The Respiratory System and Associated Disorders 199Ian Macleod and Simon SawyerIntroduction 200Anatomy and Physiology 201Disease Processes of the Respiratory System 205Summary 215References 215Further Reading 216Online Resources 216Glossary 216Multiple Choice Questions 217Chapter 11 The Gastrointestinal System and Associated Disorders 219Ian Peate and Neil ColemanIntroduction 220Components of the Gastrointestinal System 221Conditions of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract 227Conditions of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract 229The Acute Abdomen 231Accessory Organs 232Summary 236References 237Further Reading 237Online Resources 237Glossary 237Multiple Choice Questions 238Chapter 12 The Endocrine System and Associated Disorders 240Sadie Diamond- Fox and Alexandra GatehouseIntroduction 241Physiology of the Endocrine System 241Hormones 241Control of Hormones 245Introduction to Common Endocrine Pathologies 247Clinical Features of Endocrine Disorders 247Pituitary Disorders 247Thyroid Disorders 249Parathyroid Disorders 253Adrenal Disorders 253Pancreatic Disorders 256Summary 260References 260Further Reading 260Online Resources 261Glossary 261Multiple Choice Questions 261Chapter 13 The Reproductive Systems and Associated Disorders 263Tim Millington and Aimee YarringtonThe Female Reproductive System 264Antepartum Haemorrhage 274The Male Reproductive System 276Summary 287References 287Further Reading 289Online Resources 289Glossary 289Multiple Choice Questions 289Chapter 14 Pain 291Rory PrevettIntroduction 291The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pain 292Nociceptor Transduction 293Transmission 293Modulation 293Perception 295Pain Theories 296Pathophysiology 297Pain Assessment 300Adult Assessment 300Paediatric Assessment 303The Biopsychosocial Approach 306Pain Management 306Summary 310References 310Further Reading 311Online Resources 311Glossary 311Multiple Choice Questions 311Chapter 15 The Musculoskeletal System and Associated Disorders 313George Bell- Starr and Ashley IngramIntroduction 313The Musculoskeletal System 314Bone Development and Structure 314Joints 316Muscle 318The Nervous System 319Common Musculoskeletal Presentations 319Lower Back Pain 321Arthritis 321Osteoporosis 322Assessing Musculoskeletal Presentations 323Treating Musculoskeletal Presentations 325Summary 328References 328Further Reading 329Online Resources 329Glossary 329Multiple Choice Questions 330Chapter 16 Fluid, Electrolyte Balance and Associated Disorders 332Noleen P. JonesIntroduction 332Body Fluid Compartments 333Composition of Body Fluid 333Body Fluid Balance 334Osmosis 335Electrolytes 336Diffusion 337Hormones That Regulate Fluid and Electrolytes 337Oedema 339Pulmonary Oedema 339Peripheral Oedema 340Disorders Associated with Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance 340Nausea and Vomiting 343Nausea 343Vomiting 343Clinical Investigations 346Caring for the Patient with Oedema 346Pulmonary Oedema 347Peripheral Oedema 348Summary 350References 351Further Reading 351Online Resources 352Glossary of Terms 352Multiple Choice Questions 353Chapter 17 The Skin and Associated Disorders 355Melanie Stephens and Derek FoxIntroduction 356Anatomy and Physiology 356Function of the Skin 361Wound Healing 361Assessment 362Wound Assessment 366Skin Infections: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal 367Generalised Pustular Psoriasis 369Wounds 369Types of Wounds 370Factitious/Iatrogenic/Self- Harm Wounds 372Summary 375References 376Further Reading 377Online Resources 377Glossary 377Multiple Choice Questions 378Chapter 18 The Ears and Eyes 380Carl ClareIntroduction 380The Senses of Equilibrium and Hearing 381The Structure of the Ear 381Equilibrium 384Hearing 384Disorders of the Ear 388Ménière’s Disease 391The Sense of Sight 392Lacrimal Apparatus 394The Eye 394The Processing of Visual Information 399Disorders of the Eye 399Summary 402References 403Further Reading 403Online Resources 403Glossary 404Multiple Choice Questions 404Chapter 19 Death and Dying 406Sarah Lumley and Simon SawyerIntroduction 406The Process of Dying 407The Grieving Process 408Palliative Care 409Advance Decision to Refuse Treatment 409Assisted Dying 411Sudden Unexpected Death in Paediatrics 411Paramedic Management of Death and Dying 412Summary 417References 418Further Reading 419Online Resources 419Glossary 419Multiple Choice Questions 420Multiple Choice Answers 422Index 430