Functionalized Nanomaterials for Catalytic Application

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD is an adjunct professor, academic advisor and Lab Director in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology & advanced materials in environment, analytical chemistry and various industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of many scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas. Sudheesh K. Shukla, PhD is a postdoctoral researcher at Shandong University China. His research work focuses on interfacing the chemistry (materials science) and engineering for better healthcare (biology) and environmental applications. Dr. Shukla has extensive experience in materials science (materials design, synthesis and characterization), nanocomposite synthesis, nanobiotechnology, catalysis science and biosensors/sensors. Bindu Mangla is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Faridabad (Hr), India. She completed her PhD in Chemistry, from Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies (erstwhile MRIU). She has a keen research interest in the area of materials chemistry, nanotechnology, corrosion chemistry and atmospheric chemistry.

• Preface xvii1 Functionalized Nanomaterial (FNM)–Based Catalytic Materials for Water Resources 1Sreevidya S., Kirtana Sankara Subramanian, Yokraj Katre, Ajaya Kumar Singh and Jai Singh1.1 Introduction 41.2 Electrocatalysts as FNMs 71.3 Electro-Fenton/Hetero Electro-Fenton as FNMs 81.4 Hetero Photo-Fenton as FNMs 131.4.1 Heterogenous-Fentons-Based FNMs 141.4.2 Photo-Fentons-Based FNMs 141.5 Photocatalysts as FMNs 191.5.1 Carbon-Based FNMs as Photocatalysts 241.5.1.1 CNT-Based FNMs 241.5.1.2 Fullerene-Based FNMs 251.5.1.3 Graphene (G)/Graphene Oxide (GO)–Based FNMs 261.5.1.4 Graphene-Carbon Nitride/Metal or Metalloid Oxide–Based FNMs 271.5.1.5 Graphene-Carbon Nitride/QD-Based FNMs 281.5.2 Polymer Composite–Based FNMs as Photocatalyst 291.5.3 Metal/Metal Oxide–Based FNMs as Photocatalyst 291.6 Nanocatalyst Antimicrobials as FNMs 301.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 31References 332 Functionalized Nanomaterial (FNM)–Based Catalytic Materials for Energy Industry 53Amarpreet K. Bhatia, Shippi Dewangan, Ajaya K. Singh and Sónia. A.C. Carabineiro2.1 Introduction 542.2 Different Types of Nanomaterials 552.2.1 Zero-Dimensional (0D) Nanostructures 552.2.2 One-Dimensional (1D) Nanostructures 562.2.3 Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanostructures 562.2.4 Three-Dimensional (3D) Nanostructures 562.3 Synthesis of Functionalized Nanomaterials 562.3.1 Chemical Methods 572.3.2 Ligand Exchange Process 582.3.3 Grafting of Synthetic Polymers 582.3.4 Miscellaneous Methods 582.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles 592.4.1 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 592.4.2 Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles 602.4.3 Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles 632.4.3.1 Covalent Bond Formation 642.4.3.2 Ligand Exchange 642.4.3.3 Click Reaction 642.4.3.4 Maleimide Coupling 652.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 652.5.1 Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials 652.5.2 Synthesis of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 672.6 Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials in the Energy Industry Through Removal of Heavy Metals by Adsorption 672.6.1 Removal of Arsenic by Magnetic Nanoparticles 742.6.2 Removal of Cadmium by Magnetic Nanoparticles 752.6.3 Removal of Chromium by Magnetic Nanoparticles 752.6.4 Removal of Mercury by Magnetic Nanoparticles 762.7 Conclusions 76References 773 Bionanotechnology-Based Nanopesticide Application in Crop Protection Systems 89Abhisek Saha3.1 Introduction 903.2 Few Words About Pesticide 923.3 What About Biopesticide Demand 933.4 A Brief Look on Associates Responsible for Crop Loss 933.5 Traditional Inclination of Chemical-Based Pest Management 943.6 Nanotechnology in the Field of Agriculture 953.7 Why Nanotechnology-Based Agriculture is the Better Option With Special Reference to Nano-Based Pesticide? 953.8 Biological-Based Pest Management 963.9 Nano-Based Pest Management 963.10 Nanopesticides 973.11 Required to Qualify for Selection as Nanobiopesticides 983.12 Pestiferous Insect’s Management 993.12.1 Chemical Nanomaterials 993.12.2 Bionanomaterials 993.13 Critical Points for Nanobiopesticides 1003.14 Other Pests 1003.15 Post-Harvest Management and Their Consequences 1013.16 Field Test for Nanobiopesticides for Pest Control 1013.17 Merits and Consequences of Chemical and Bionanomaterials 1023.18 Conclusion 103References 1044 Functionalized Nanomaterials (FNMs) for Environmental Applications 109Bhavya M.B., Swarnalata Swain, Prangya Bhol, Sudesh Yadav, Ali Altaee, Manav Saxena, Pramila K. Misra and Akshaya K. Samal4.1 Introduction 1104.1.1 Methods for the Functionalization of Nanomaterials 1104.1.1.1 Functionalization by Organic Moieties 1114.1.1.2 Surface Polymerization 1114.1.2 Nanomaterial-Functional Group Bonding Type 1124.1.2.1 Functionalization by Covalent Bond 1124.1.2.2 Functionalization by Noncovalent Bond 1124.2 Functionalized Nanomaterials in Environmental Applications 1144.2.1 Chitosan 1144.2.2 Cellulose 1174.2.3 Alumina 1214.2.4 Mixed Composites 1244.2.5 Other Nanocomposites for Environment 1264.3 Conclusion 130Acknowledgements 130References 1305 Synthesis of Functionalized Nanomaterial (FNM)–Based Catalytic Materials 135Swarnalata Swain, Prangya Bhol, M.B. Bhavya, Sudesh Yadav, Ali Altaee, Manav Saxena, Pramila K. Misra and Akshaya K. Samal5.1 Introduction 1365.2 Methods Followed for Fabrication of FNMs 1375.2.1 Co-Precipitation Method 1385.2.2 Impregnation 1395.2.3 Ion Exchange 1395.2.4 Immobilization/Encapsulation 1405.2.5 Sol-Gel Technique 1405.2.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition 1415.2.7 Microemulsion 1415.2.8 Hydrothermal 1425.2.9 Thermal Decomposition 1425.3 Functionalized Nanomaterials 1435.3.1 Carbon-Based FNMs 1435.3.1.1 Carbon-Based FNMs as Heterogeneous Catalysts 1455.3.2 Metal and Metal Oxide–Based FNMs 1475.3.2.1 Functionalization Technique of Metal Oxides 1475.3.2.2 Silver-Based FNMs as Heterogeneous Catalysts 1485.3.2.3 Platinum-Based FNMs as Heterogeneous Catalysts 1505.3.2.4 Pd-Based FNMs as Heterogeneous Catalysts 1535.3.2.5 Zirconia-Based FNMs as Heterogeneous Catalysts 1535.3.3 Biomaterial-Based FNMs 1545.3.3.1 Chitosan/Cellulose-Based FNMs as Heterogeneous Catalysts 1555.3.4 FNMs for Various Other Applications 1565.3.5 Comparison Table 1575.4 Conclusion 158Acknowledgements 159References 1596 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Catalytic Applications—Silica and Iron Oxide 169Deepali Ahluwalia, Sachin Kumar, Sudhir G. Warkar and Anil Kumar6.1 Introduction 1696.2 Silicon Dioxide or Silica 1716.2.1 General 1716.2.2 Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles 1726.2.2.1 Sol-Gel Method 1726.2.2.2 Microemulsion 1726.2.3 Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles 1746.2.4 Applications 1766.2.4.1 Epoxidation of Geraniol 1766.2.4.2 Epoxidation of Styrene 1776.3 Iron Oxide 1776.3.1 General 1776.3.2 Synthesis of Functionalized Fe NPs 1786.3.2.1 Biopolymer-Based Synthesis 1786.3.2.2 Plant Extract–Based Synthesis 1796.3.3 Applications 1796.3.3.1 Degradation of Dyes 1796.3.3.2 Wastewater Treatment 181References 1827 Nanotechnology for Detection and Removal of Heavy Metals From Contaminated Water 185Neha Rani Bhagat and Arup Giri7.1 Introduction 1867.2 History of Nanotechnology 1867.3 Heavy Metal Detective Nanotechnology 1877.3.1 Nanotechnology for Arsenic (Aas) Removal 1877.3.2 Nanotechnology for Lead Removal from Water 1977.3.3 Nanotechnology for Cadmium (Cd) Removal from Water 2007.3.4 Nanotechnology for Nickel (Ni) Removal 2007.4 Futuristic Research 2097.5 Conclusion 209References 2108 Nanomaterials in Animal Health and Livestock Products 227Devi Gopinath, Gauri Jairath and Gorakh Mal8.1 Introduction 2288.2 Nanomaterials 2308.3 Nanomaterials and Animal Health 2308.3.1 Role in Disease Diagnostics 2308.3.2 Role in Drug Delivery Systems 2328.3.3 Role in Therapeutics 2328.3.4 Toxicity and Risks 2338.4 Nanomaterials and Livestock Produce 2348.4.1 Nanomaterials and Product Processing 2348.4.1.1 Nanoencapsulation 2358.4.2 Nanomaterials and Sensory Attributes 2398.4.3 Nanomaterials and Packaging 2398.4.3.1 Nanocomposite 2408.4.3.2 Nanosensors 2418.4.4 Safety and Regulations 2418.5 Conclusion 243References 2439 Restoring Quality and Sustainability Through Functionalized Nanocatalytic Processes 251Nitika Thakur and Bindu Mangla9.1 Introduction 2529.1.1 Nanotechnology Toward Attaining Global Sustainability 2529.2 Nano Approach Toward Upgrading Strategies of Water Treatment and Purification 2539.2.1 Nanoremediation Through Engineered Nanomaterials 2539.2.2 Electrospun-Assisted Nanosporus Membrane Utilization 2549.2.3 Surface Makeover Related to Electrospun Nanomaterials 2559.2.4 Restoring Energy Sources Through Nanoscience 2559.3 Conclusion and Future Directions 256References 25610 Synthesis and Functionalization of Magnetic and Semiconducting Nanoparticles for Catalysis 261Dipti Rawat, Asha Kumari and Ragini Raj Singh10.1 Functionalized Nanomaterials in Catalysis 26210.1.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 26210.1.1.1 Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis Using Magnetic Nanoparticles 26310.1.1.2 Organic Synthesis by Magnetic Nanoparticles as Catalyst 26410.1.2 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 26410.1.2.1 Homogeneous Catalysis 26710.1.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis 26710.1.2.3 Photocatalytic Reaction Mechanism 26710.2 Types of Nanoparticles in Catalysis 26810.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 26810.2.1.1 Ferrites 26810.2.1.2 Ferrites With Shell 26910.2.1.3 Metallic 27110.2.1.4 Metallic Nanoparticles With a Shell 27110.2.2 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 27110.2.2.1 Binary Semiconducting Nanoparticles in Catalysis 27210.2.2.2 Oxide-Based Semiconducting Nanoparticles, for Example, TiO2, ZrO2, and ZnO 27210.2.2.3 Chalcogenide Semiconducting Nanoparticles for Catalysis 27310.2.2.4 Nitride-Based Semiconducting Photocatalyst 27410.2.2.5 Ternary Oxides 27410.2.2.6 Ternary Chalcogenide Semiconductors 27410.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Catalysis 27510.3.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 27510.3.1.1 Co-Precipitation Route 27510.3.1.2 Hydrothermal Method 27610.3.1.3 Microemulsion Method 27710.3.1.4 Sono-Chemical Method 27810.3.1.5 Sol-Gel Method 27910.3.1.6 Biological Method 28010.3.2 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 28010.3.2.1 Tollens Method 28110.3.2.2 Microwave Synthesis 28110.3.2.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis 28210.3.2.4 Gas Phase Method 28210.3.2.5 Laser Ablation 28210.3.2.6 Wet-Chemical Approaches 28310.3.2.7 Sol-Gel Method 28310.4 Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Application in Catalysis 28310.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 28310.4.2 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 28510.4.2.1 Noble Valuable Metal Deposition 28510.4.2.2 Functionalization by Ion Doping: Metal or Non-Metal 28610.4.2.3 Semiconductor Composite or Coupling of Two Semiconductors 28710.5 Application-Based Synthesis 28710.5.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 28710.5.1.1 Silica-Coated Nanoparticles 28710.5.1.2 Carbon-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles 28810.5.1.3 Polymer-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles 28910.5.1.4 Semiconductor Shell Formation Over the Magnetic Nanoparticle 29010.5.2 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 29010.5.2.1 Semiconductor Nanomaterials in Solar Cell 29010.5.2.2 Batteries and Fuel Cells 29110.5.2.3 Semiconducting Nanomaterials for Environment 29210.5.2.4 Challenges for Water Treatment Using Nanomaterials 29210.6 Conclusion and Outlook 293References 29411 Green Pathways for Palladium Nanoparticle Synthesis: Application and Future Perspectives 303Arnab Ghosh, Rajeev V. Hegde, Sandeep Suryabhan Gholap, Siddappa A. Patil and Ramesh B. Dateer11.1 Introduction 30411.1.1 Methods for Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis 30511.1.2 Biogenic Synthesis of PdNPs 30611.1.3 Phytochemicals: Constituent of Plant Extract 30711.1.4 Techniques for Characterization of Metal NPs 30811.2 Biosynthesis of PdNPs and Its Applications 30811.2.1 Synthesis of PdNPs Using Black Pepper Plant Extract 30811.2.2 Synthesis of PdNPs Using Papaya Peel 31311.2.3 Synthesis of PdNPs Using Watermelon Rind 31511.2.4 Synthesis of Cellulose-Supported PdNs@PA 31611.2.5 PdNPs Synthesis by Pulicaria glutinosa Extract 31811.2.6 Synthesis of PdNPs using Star Apple 31911.2.7 PdNPs Synthesis Using Ocimum Sanctum Extract 32111.2.8 PdNPs Synthesis Using Gum Olibanum Extract 32211.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 323References 32412 Metal-Based Nanomaterials: A New Arena for Catalysis 329Monika Vats, Gaurav Sharma, Varun Sharma, Varun Rawat, Kamalakanta Behera and Arvind Chhabra12.1 Introduction 32912.2 Fabrication Methods of Nanocatalysts 33312.3 Application of Metal-Based Nanocatalysts 33512.4 Types of Nanocatalysis 33712.4.1 Green Nanocatalysis 33812.4.2 Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis 33912.4.3 Homogeneous Nanocatalysis 34012.4.4 Multiphase Nanocatalysis 34012.5 Different Types of Metal-Based Nanoparticles/Crystals Used in Catalysis 34012.5.1 Transition Metal Nanoparticles 34112.5.2 Perovskite-Type Oxides Metal Nanoparticles 34212.5.3 Multi-Metallic/Nano-Alloys/Doped Metal Nanoparticles 34312.6 Structure and Catalytic Properties Relationship 34312.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 344Acknowledgment 345References 34513 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Catalytic Application: Trends and Developments 355Meena Kumari, Badri Parshad, Jaibir Singh Yadav and Suresh Kumar13.1 Introduction 35613.1.1 Nanocatalysis 35713.1.2 Factors Affecting Nanocatalysis 35813.1.2.1 Size 35913.1.2.2 Shape and Morphology 35913.1.2.3 Catalytic Stability 36013.1.2.4 Surface Modification 36013.1.3 Characterization Techniques 36113.1.4 Principles of Green Chemistry 36213.1.5 Role of Functionalization 36313.1.6 Frequently Used Support Materials 36313.2 Different Types of Nanocatalysts 36413.2.1 Metal Nanoparticles 36413.2.2 Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds 36513.2.3 Single Atom Catalysts 36613.2.4 Magnetically Separable Nanocatalysts 36713.2.5 Metal Organic Frameworks 36813.2.6 Carbocatalysts 36913.3 Catalytic Applications 37013.3.1 Organic Transformation 37013.3.2 Electrocatalysis 37413.3.2.1 Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 37413.3.2.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 38213.3.2.3 Fuel Cells 38213.3.3 Photocatalysis 38913.3.3.1 Photocatalytic Treatment of Wastewater 39113.3.3.2 Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 Into Fuels 39113.3.3.3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution From Water 39213.3.4 Conversion of Biomass Into Fuels 39613.3.5 Other Applications 39713.4 Conclusions 39813.4.1 Future Outlook 398References 39814 Carbon Dots: Emerging Green Nanoprobes and Their Diverse Applications 417Shweta Agarwal and Sonika Bhatia14.1 Introduction 41714.2 Classification of Carbon Dots 41914.3 Environmental Sustainable Synthesis of Carbon Dots 42414.3.1 Hydrothermal Treatment 43214.3.2 Solvothermal Treatment 43314.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Method 43414.3.4 Pyrolysis Treatment 43514.3.5 Chemical Oxidation 43614.4 Characterization of Carbon Dots 43814.5 Optical and Photocatalytic Properties of Carbon Dots 44014.5.1 Absorbance 44114.5.2 Photoluminescence 44114.5.3 Quantum Yield 44314.5.4 Up-Conversion Photoluminescence (Anti-Stokes Emission) 44414.5.5 Photoinduced Electron Transfer 44514.5.6 Photocatalytic Property 44614.6 Carbon Dots in Wastewater Treatment 44914.6.1 Heavy Metal Removal 45114.6.2 Removal of Dyes 45214.6.3 Photodegradation of Antibiotics 45314.6.4 Removal of Other Pollutants 45314.6.5 Bacterial Inactivation 45414.6.6 Oil Removal 45414.7 Carbon Dots for Energy Applications and Environment Safety 45414.7.1 Solar Light–Driven Splitting of Water 45514.7.2 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 45714.7.3 Photocatalytic Synthetic Organic Transformations 45914.8 Biomedical Applications of Carbon Dots 46014.8.1 Bioimaging 46114.8.2 Carbon Dots as Biosensors, pH Sensors, and Temperature Sensors 46314.8.3 Carbon Dots for Drug Delivery 46614.8.4 Carbon Dots as Carriers for Neurotherapeutic Agents 46814.9 Ethical, Legal, and Sociological Implications of Carbon Dots 46914.10 Conclusion and Future Outlook 471References 472Index 493