Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications

Jeenat Aslam, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu, Al-Madina, Saudi Arabia. She obtained her PhD in Surface Science/Chemistry at the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Her research is mainly focused on materials & corrosion, nanotechnology, and surface chemistry. Dr. Jeenat has published several research and review articles in peer-reviewed international journals and has edited 2 books and has contributed 20 book chapters. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, analytical chemistry, and other various industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around a hundred books. Ruby Aslam, PhD, is a research associate in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, India. She graduated with an M.Sc. in Chemistry at Aligarh Muslim University and presented her M.Phil. dissertation and PhD-thesis in Applied Chemistry, also at Aligarh Muslim University. She has published widely on corrosion inhibition and corrosion protective coatings.

• Preface xvPart 1: Overview of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 11 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: An Introduction 3Sheerin Masroor1.1 Introduction 41.2 Carbon Nanotube’s Classification 61.3 Structural and Morphological Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes 71.4 Synthetic Techniques of Carbon Nanotubes 81.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 91.6 Commercial Scale Use of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 121.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 14References 152 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Characterization 21Neelam Sharma, Shubhra Pareek, Rahul Shrivastava and Debasis Behera2.1 Introduction 222.2 Synthesis Methods 242.2.1 Arc Discharge 242.2.2 Laser Ablation 252.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 262.3 Characterization 272.3.1 Raman Spectroscopy 272.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) 282.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 292.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 292.3.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 302.3.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 312.3.7 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 322.4 Functionalized Routes of CNTs 332.4.1 Surface Oxidation 332.4.2 Doping Heteroatoms 332.4.3 Alkali Activation 332.4.4 Sulfonation 342.4.5 Halogenation 342.4.6 Grafting 342.4.6.1 Grafting via Oxygen-Containing Groups 352.4.6.2 Grafting via Diazonium Compounds 362.4.6.3 Other Grafting Methods 372.4.7 Non-Covalent Functionalization of CNTs 372.4.8 Deposition on Functionalized CNTs 372.4.9 Physiochemical Approaches 382.4.10 Electrochemical Deposition 382.4.11 Electroless Deposition 392.5 Conclusion 39References 403 Carbon Nanotubes: Types of Functionalization 49Manilal Murmu, Debanjan Dey, Naresh Chandra Murmu and Priyabrata Banerjee3.1 Introduction 503.2 Carbon Nanotubes 503.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 523.3.1 Covalent Functionalization 523.3.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 583.3.2.1 Reversibility in Non-Covalent Functionalization 633.3.2.2 Solvent Variation in Non-Covalent Functionalization 643.3.3.3 pH of the System in Non-Covalent Functionalization 643.3.3.4 Temperature Responsive System in Non-Covalent Functionalization 653.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 65Acknowledgements 65Web Links 66References 664 Functionalization Carbon Nanotubes Innovate on Medical Technology 75Afroz Aslam, Jeenat Aslam, Hilal Ahmad Parray and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain4.1 Introduction 754.2 Functionalization CNTs for Biomedical Applications 784.3 Potential Applications of CNTs in Cancer Therapy 794.3.1 Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy 804.3.2 Anti-Tumor Hyperthermia Therapy 804.3.3 Anti-Tumor Chemotherapy 814.3.4 Other Cancer Treatment Strategies 824.4 Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders 824.5 Treatment of Infectious Diseases 844.6 CNTs-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery 854.7 f-CNTs for Vaccination 864.8 Application of f-CNTs in Tissue Engineering 864.9 Conclusion 88Important Websites 89References 89Part 2: Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Current and Emerging Biomedical Applications 955 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Biosensing 97N. Palaniappan, Nidhi Vashistha and Ruby Aslam5.1 Introduction 975.2 CNTs-Based Biosensors 995.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors 1005.2.1.1 Electrochemical Enzyme Sensors 1005.2.1.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors 1015.2.1.3 Electrochemical DNA Sensors 1025.2.1.4 Non-Biomolecule Based Electrochemical Sensors 1045.2.2 Optical CNT Sensors 1055.2.3 Field-Effect CNTs Sensors 1065.2.4 CNT Human Strain Sensor 1075.3 Conclusion 108References 1086 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery Systems 117N. Palaniappan, Małgorzata Kujawska and Kader Poturcu6.1 Introduction 1186.2 Nanoparticles-Doped Carbon Nanotubes 1216.3 Brain-Targeted Delivery 1236.4 The Organic Molecules Functionalized CNTs as Drug Delivery Vehicles 1256.5 Functionalized CNTs with Nanoparticles for Drug Active Molecular Mechanism 1266.5.1 Future of Scope of Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery Application 1266.6 Conclusion 127References 1277 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Gene Therapy 139Tejas Agnihotri, Tanuja Shinde, Manoj Gitte, Pankaj Kumar Paradia, Rakesh Kumar Tekade and Aakanchha Jain7.1 Introduction 1407.2 Functionalized CNTs and Gene Therapy 1417.3 Cellular Uptake of CNT 1467.4 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes and Cancer 1477.5 Miscellaneous Diseases and Gene Delivery Through Functionalized CNT 1507.6 Toxicology and Environmental Aspects of Functionalized CNT 1587.6.1 Cellular Toxicity 1597.6.2 Liver Toxicity 1597.6.3 Central Nervous System Toxicity 1607.6.4 Cardiovascular Toxicity 1617.7 Regulatory Concerns Over Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 1627.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 164Important Website 165References 1658 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis 171Irshad Ahmad, Talat Parween, Lina Khandare, Aafaq Tantray and Weqar Ahmad Siddiqi8.1 Introduction 1728.2 Characteristic Properties of CNTs and Their Performance 1758.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of CNTs 1768.3 The Techniques of CNTs Functionalization 1778.4 Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Diagnostic 1808.4.1 The Use of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Treatment 1808.4.2 Intracellular Targeting Using Carbon Nanotubes 1808.4.2.1 Nucleus Targeting 1818.4.2.2 Cytoplasm Targeting 1818.4.2.3 Mitochondria Targeting 1818.4.3 CNTs for Immunotherapy 1828.4.4 Cancer Stem Cell Inhibition 1838.5 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Diagnosis 1838.5.1 CNTs in Cancer Imaging 1848.5.1.1 Raman Imaging 1848.5.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1848.5.1.3 Ultrasonography 1848.5.1.4 Photoacoustic Imaging 1858.5.1.5 Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Imaging 1858.6 Future Prospects 1868.7 Conclusion 186Important Websites 187References 1889 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Imaging: The Recent Advances 197Alina Abbas, Saman Zehra, Ruby Aslam, Mohammad Mobin and Shahidul Islam bhat9.1 Introduction 1989.2 CNT-Based Imaging Methods 1999.2.1 Fluorescence Imaging 2009.2.2 Raman Imaging 2049.2.3 Photoacoustic Imaging 2079.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2099.2.5 Nuclear Imaging 2129.3 Prospects and Challenges 2129.4 Conclusion 214References 21410 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Artificial Bone Tissue Engineering 225Sougata Ghosh and Ebrahim Mostafavi10.1 Introduction 22610.2 CNT-Based Scaffolds and Implants 23010.2.1 Hydroxyapatite 23110.2.2 Polymers 23410.2.2.1 Poly(ε-Caprolactone) 23510.2.2.2 Polymethyl-Methacrylate 23710.2.2.3 Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) 23810.2.2.4 Poly-L-Lactic Acid 24010.2.2.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol 24110.2.2.6 Others 24210.2.3 Biopolymers 24210.2.3.1 Chitosan 24410.2.3.2 Collagen 24410.2.3.3 Others 24710.3 Intellectual Property Rights and Commercialization Aspects 24810.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 251References 25211 Application of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Biomimetic/Bioinspired Systems 257Mohammad Mobin, Ruby Aslam, Saman Zehra, Jeenat Aslam and Shahidul Islam bhat11.1 Introduction 25811.2 Naturally Occurring Materials 25911.2.1 Nacre and Bone 25911.2.2 Petal Effect and Gecko Feet 25911.2.3 Lotus Effect 26011.2.4 Structural Colors, Antireflection, and Light Collection 26111.3 Bioinspired Functionalized CNTs Material 26111.4 Challenges and Solutions in Using CNTs 27211.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 272References 27412 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Tissue Engineering 281Ajahar Khan, Khalid A. Alamry and Raed H. Althomali12.1 Introduction 28212.2 Structural, Physical, and Chemical Properties 28412.3 Interactions and Biodegradation of CNTs with Biomolecule 28712.4 Bio-Security of CNT-Based Scaffolds Toward In Vivo Analyses 28812.5 CNTs Towards the Bone Compatibility 29312.6 Applications of Functionalized CNTs in Tissue Engineering 29412.6.1 Functionalized CNTs for Cardiac Tissue Engineering 29412.6.2 Functionalized CNTs for Neuronal Tissue Regeneration 29712.6.3 Functionalized CNT for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 29812.6.4 CNT for Bone Tissue Regeneration 30012.7 Future Perspectives and Challenges 30312.8 Conclusion 304Important Websites 305References 30513 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Cell Tracking 319Sagar Salave, Dhwani Rana, Jyotsna Vitore and Aakanchha JainAbbreviations 31913.1 Introduction 32013.2 Carbon Nanotubes 32113.2.1 Cellular Interaction of CNTs 32513.3 Cellular Tracking via CNT 32513.3.1 Effect of the Surface Coating of CNTs in Single-Particle Tracking 32813.4 3D Tracking Using CNTs 32813.4.1 Detection of Single Protein Molecules Through CNTs 32913.4.2 Stem Cell Labeling and Tracking Through CNTs 33013.4.3 Labelling and Tracking of Human Pancreatic Cells Through CNTs 33013.4.4 CNT as Macrophage Carrying Microdevices 33113.4.4.1 Intracellular Fluctuations and CNT 33113.4.5 Limitations of CNTs 33213.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective 332Important Links 333Acknowledgment 333References 33314 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Treatment of Various Diseases 339Ajahar Khan, Khalid A. Alamry and Raed H. Althomali14.1 Introduction 34014.2 CNTs: Basic Structure, and Synthesis Methods 34214.2.1 Structure and Synthesis of CNTs 34214.2.2 Arc Discharge Technique 34214.2.3 Laser Ablation Technique 34214.2.4 Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique 34314.3 Functionalization of CNTs 34314.3.1 Covalent Functionalization 34414.3.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization 34414.4 Toxicity/Bio-Safety Profile of Carbon Nanotubes 34614.5 Investigating the Promising Biomedical Effects of Functionalized CNTs 34914.5.1 Functionalized CNTs-Based Remediation of Infectious Diseases 35014.5.2 Functionalized CNTs for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders (CNS) 35014.5.3 Functionalized CNTs for Gene Delivery 35114.5.4 Implication of Functionalized CNTs in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 35414.5.5 Functionalized CNTs for Drug Targeting and Release 35714.6 Future Prospective 36214.7 Conclusion 363Important Websites 364References 36515 Role of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Antimicrobial Activity: A Review 377Monika Aggarwal, Samina Husain and Basant Kumar15.1 Introduction 37815.2 Introduction to CNTs 37815.2.1 Classification of CNTs 37915.2.2 Structure of CNTs 38115.3 Overview on CNTs Functionalization 38215.3.1 Types of Functionalization 38415.4 Anti-Microbial Activity of f-CNTs: Interaction and Action 38715.5 Antifungal Activity of f-CNTs 38815.6 Antibacterial Activity of f-CNTs 39015.6.1 For SWNTs 39015.6.2 For MWCNTs 39215.7 Commercial Application of Antimicrobial Activity of f-CNTs 40015.8 Overview on Antimicrobial Activity of f-CNTs 40115.9 Future Scope 40515.10 Conclusion 405Acknowledgement 406References 406Index 413