Functional Fillers for Plastics

Marino Xanthos is Professor in the Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering at the NJ Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey since 1995 and served from 1987 to 2005 as Director of Research of the Polymer Processing Institute (PPI), an independent non-profit research organization located at NJIT. He received his PhD and his MD degrees in Chemical Engineering from the University of Toronto and a BSc in Chemistry from the University of Thessaloniki, Greece. He has more than 30 years of academic and industrial experience in directing and conducting research on polymer composites, blends and foams, polymer modification and reactive polymer processing, and plastics-related environmental issues. He is editor/co-author of the books Functional Fillers for Plastics, Reactive Extrusion, and How to Manage Plastic Waste, author/co-author of more than 30 book chapters and 200 publications and holds nine US and Canadian Patents. He is also Executive Editor of the journal Advances in Polymer Technology since 1990, and a Fellow of the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE).

• PrefacePART ONE: Polymers and Fillers POLYMERS AND POLYMER COMPOSITESThermoplastics and ThermosetsProcessing of Thermoplastics and ThermosetsPolymer CompositesMODIFICATION OF POLYMER PROPERTIES WITH FUNCTIONAL FILLERSIntroductionThe Importance of the InterfaceModification of Mechanical PropertiesEffects of Fillers on Processing Characteristics of PolymersMIXING OF FILLERS WITH PLASTICSIntroductionPretreatment of FillersFeedingMeltingSolids Introduction and MixingVentingPressure GenerationProcess ExamplesFurther Information PART TWO: Surface Modifiers and Coupling Agents SILANE COUPLING AGENTSIntroductionProduction and Structures of Monomeric SilanesSilane ChemistryTypes of SilanesSilane HydrolysisReactivity of Silanes Toward the FillerCombining Silanes and Mineral FillersInsights into the Silylated Filler SurfacesSelection of SilanesApplications of Specific SilanesTrends and DevelopmentsTITANATE COUPLING AGENTSIntroductionThe Six Functions of the Titanate MoleculeSummary and ConclusionsFUNCTIONAL POLYMERS AND OTHER MODIFIERSIntroductionGeneral Types of Modifiers and Their Principal EffectsModifiers by Chemical Type PART THREE: Fillers and Their FunctionsA -High Aspect Ratio Fillers GLASS FIBERSBackgroundProduction MethodsStructure and PropertiesSuppliersCost/AvailabilityEnvironmental/Toxicity ConsiderationsApplicationsEnvironmental ImpactMIKA FLAKESBackgroundProduction MethodsStructure and PropertiesSuppliersCost/AvailabilityEnvironmental/Toxicity ConsiderationsApplicationsNANOCLAYS AND THEIR EMERGING MARKETSIntroductionProduction MethodsStructure and PropertiesSuppliersCost/AvailabilityEnvironmental/Toxicity ConsiderationsApplicationsCARBON NANOTUBES/NANOFIBERS AND CARBON FIBERSIntroductionMaterialsPolymer Matrix CompositesCost/AvailabilityEnvironmental/Toxicity ConsiderationsApplications B -Low Aspect Ratio Fillers NATURAL FIBERSIntroductionStructure and Production MethodsPropertiesSuppliersCost/AvailabilityEnvironmental/Toxicity ConsiderationsApplications (Primary and Secondary Functions)TALCProduction MethodsStructure and PropertiesSuppliersCost/AvailabilityEnvironmental/Toxicity ConsiderationsApplicationsKAOLINIntroductionProduction MethodsPropertiesSuppliersCost/AvailabilityEnvironmental/Toxicity ConsiderationsApplicationsWOLLASTONITEIntroductionProductionStructure and PropertiesSuppliers/CostEnvironmental/Toxicity ConsiderationsApplications Involving the Plastics Compounding IndustrySummaryFuture Considerations for Use of Wollastonite in PlasticsWOOD FLOURIntroductionProduction MethodsStructure and PropertiesSuppliersCost/AvailabilityEnvironmental/Toxicity ConsiderationsApplications (Primary and Secondary Functions)CALCIUM CARBONATEBackgroundProduction MethodsStructure and PropertiesSuppliersCost/AvailabilityEnvironmental, Toxicity, and Sustainability ConsiderationsApplications C -Specialty Fillers FIRE RETARDANTSIntroductionCombustion of Polymers and the Combustion CycleFuelSmokeFlammability of PolymersMechanisms of Fire-Retardant ActionClassification of Flame RetardantsTools and TestingToxicityManufacturers of Fire RetardantsConcluding RemarksCONDUCTIVE AND MAGNETIC FILLERSIntroductionCarbon BlackPhenomena of Conductivity in Carbon Black-Filled PolymersDistribution and Dispersion of Carbon Black in PolymersOther Carbon-Based Conductive FillersIntrinsically Conductive Polymers (ICPs)Metal Particle CompositesMagnetic FillersConcluding RemarksAppendix: Measurement of ResistivitySURFACE PROPERTY MODIFIERSIntroductionSolid Lubricants/Tribological AdditivesAntiblocking FillersPROCESSING AIDSIntroductionProductionStructure/PropertiesSuppliers/ManufacturersEnvironmental/Toxicity ConsiderationsApplicationsSPHERICAL FILLERSOrganic Spherical FillersGlass and Ceramic SpheresBIOACTIVE FILLERSIntroductionBone as a BiocompositeSynthetic Biomedical Composites and Their BioactivityBioceramics as Functional FillersModification of Bioceramic FillersFillers Formed In SituRecent Developments -Nanostructured Bioactive FillersConcluding RemarksPOLYHEDRAL OLILGOMERIC SILSEQUIOXANESIntroductionProductionStructure and PropertiesSuppliers/CostEnvironmental/Safety ConsiderationsFunctionsIN SITU-GENERATED FILLERS: BICONTINUOUS PHASE NANOCOMPOSITESIntroductionMethodology for the Production of Bicontinuous NanocompositesGeneral Properties of Bicontinuous Phase NanocompositesPotential Applications of Bicontinuous Nanocomposites

"...this is a book that I can recommend: it offers an excellent balance of polymer chemistry and materials engineering. Having already made use of the information contained within, I can attest to its utility and recommend it highly."Advanced Materials