From Additive Manufacturing to 3D/4D Printing 1

Jean-Claude André is a Researcher with the CNRS where he works on light–matter interactions. He is responsible for the first ever patent in stereolithography, granted in 1984, and patented a non-layer 3D printing process in 2016. His research focuses on 4D printing and bio-printing.

• Acknowledgments ixForeword xiPreface xvIntroduction xxixPart 1 From Spectacular Applications to the Economic Market of Additive Manufacturing 1Introduction to Part 1 3Chapter 1 Some Significant Examples 71.1 Introduction 81.2 Maritime, military, aerial and spatial applications 111.3 Conception: art and new domestic applicative niches 141.3.1 Art and additive manufacturing 171.3.2 Archaeology, museum restoration, reproduction 191.3.3 Construction sector 211.4 Mechanical parts 231.5 Land transport 281.6 The question of spare parts 321.7 Toys for the young and the “not-so-young” 331.8 “Traditional” medical applications 341.9 Animation 391.10 Scientific applications 401.10.1 Optics 401.10.2 Chemical and process engineering 411.10.3 Complex structures 421.10.4 Toward the infinitely small 431.11 Nanometric origami 451.12 Conclusion 471.13 Bibliography 49Chapter 2 Integration of Additive Manufacturing Technologies into Society 692.1 Introduction 702.2 Markets and application domains of 3D printing 722.2.1 Markets 722.2.2 Principal application niches 762.3 Growth dynamics 802.4 Studies on the dynamic of growth 842.4.1 Convergence 842.4.2 “Attractiveness” of additive manufacturing technologies 872.4.3 Possible positioning of the industry 1322.5 Toward a certain stabilization: The dynamics of innovation 1402.6 Conclusion 1462.7 Bibliography 152Part 2 3D Processes 175Introduction to Part 2 177Chapter 3 Processes, Machines and Materials 1813.1 Introduction 1833.2 Stereolithography 1883.2.1 History of 2D1/2 processes 1883.2.2 Other techniques developed since 1984 1913.2.3 Light–matter interaction and space-resolved polymerization 1933.2.4 Consequences 1973.2.5 Families of materials used 2013.2.6 Layer implementation 2073.2.7 Coupling of polymerized surface generation and volumetric reduction 2073.3 Process of wire fusion 2073.3.1 FDM or FFF materials 2113.3.2 Adhesion 2123.3.3 Synthesis 2143.4 Sheet or powder gluing process 2153.4.1 Bi-material process (SDL) 2153.4.2 Variant using powders: 3DP Process 2173.4.3 Process using a cross-linkable polymer (SIR, for “Soluble/Insoluble Reaction”) 2183.4.4 Synthesis 2233.5 Powder fusion/sintering 2253.5.1 Materials 2273.5.2 Energy sources 2283.5.3 Physicochemical aspects and constraints linked to the process 2283.5.4 Simultaneous contribution of matter and energy 2333.5.5 MPA process 2353.5.6 Synthesis 2363.6 Conclusion 2383.7 Bibliography 245Conclusion 265Index 275