Frequency Variations in Power Systems

FEDERICO MILANO is Professor of Power System Protections and Control and Head of Electrical Engineering with the University College Dublin, Ireland. ÁLVARO ORTEGA MANJAVACAS is Senior Power Systems Researcher with the Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain.

• List of Figures xiiiList of Tables xixPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxviiAcronyms and Abbreviations xxixNotation xxxiiiPart I Background 11 Frequency in Power Systems 31.1 Conventional Definitions 31.2 Alternating Current 61.3 Reference Frequency 81.4 Transforms 132 Power System Model 392.1 Time Scales 392.2 Quasi-Steady-State Model 412.3 Differential Algebraic Equations 452.4 Conventional Devices 483 Dynamic State Estimation 773.1 Basic Concepts 773.2 Introducing Dynamics 843.3 Estimation of Bus Frequencies 894 Frequency Control 1054.1 Introduction 1054.2 Power Balancing 1064.3 Power Oscillation Damping 1154.4 Nonsynchronous Devices 125Part II Theory 1375 Frequency Divider Formula 1395.1 Rationale 1395.2 Derivation 1415.3 Equivalent Networks 1555.4 Inclusion of Measurements 1595.5 Frequency Participation Factors 1636 Frequency Makers and Frequency Takers 1756.1 Introduction 1756.2 Derivation 1766.3 Taxonomy 1786.4 Examples 187Part III Applications 2057 Frequency Control 2077.1 Impact of Frequency Signals 2077.2 Synthesis of Frequency Signals 2168 Dynamic State Estimation 2278.1 Machine Rotor Speeds 2278.2 Center of Inertia 2478.3 Applications of the RoCoP 2569 Power System Model 2619.1 Introduction 2619.2 Frequency Dependent Model 2629.3 Example 26510 Frequency in Power Systems 26910.1 Definitions 26910.2 Final Remarks 269Appendix A Data 273A.1 Three-Bus System 273A.2 WSCC System 273A.3 IEEE 14-Bus System 278A.4 New England System 281Appendix B Irish Transmission System 291Bibliography 293Index 313