Christopher L. Miller is Frederick Clifford Ford Professor of African American Studies and French at Yale University. He is the author of Nationalists and Nomads: Essays on Francophone African Literature and Culture; Theories of Africans: Francophone Literature and Anthropology in Africa; and Blank Darkness: Africanist Discourse in French.

• Preface ixAbbreviations xvPart One. The French Atlantic 1. Introduction 32. Around the Triangle 403. The Slave Trade in the Enlightenment 624. The Veeritions of History 83Part Two. French Women Writers: Revolution, Abolitionist Translation, Sentiment (1783-1823) 5. Gendering Abolitionism 996. Olympe de Gouges, "Earwitness to the Ills of America" 1097. Madame de Stael, Mirza, and Pauline: Atlantic Memories 1418. Duras and Her Ourika, "The Ultimate House Slave" 158Conclusion to Part Two 174Part Three. French Male Writers:Restoration, Abolition, Entertainment 9. Tamango around the Atlantic: Concatenations of Revolt 17910. Forget haiti: Baron Roger and the New Africa 24611. Homosociality, Reckoning, and Recognition in Eugene Sue's Atar-Gull 27412. Edouard Corbiere, "Mating," and Maritime Adventure 300Part Four. The Triangle from "Below" 13. Cesaire, Glissant, Conde: Reimagining the Atlantic 32514. African "Silence" 364Conclusion: Reckoning, Reparation, and the Value of Fictions 385Notes 391Bibliography 527Index 547

“The French Atlantic Triangle will stand as a landmark in both the study of slavery and its very particular manifestations in the French Atlantic world.” - Martin Munro, Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies “Miller’s The French Atlantic Triangle is an original and highly readable book that makes a significant contribution to scholarship on Atlantic slavery and its role in shaping the modern world. . . . [T]he book’s detailed examination of France’s long-neglected involvement in the slave trade makes it a necessary read for anyone seeking to understand the cultural echoes of the Middle Passage in the Francophone world and beyond.” - Andrew Optiz (African American Review) “Miller’s The French Atlantic Triangle is an original and highly readable book that makes a significant contribution to scholarship on Atlantic slavery and its role in shaping the modern world. . . . [T]he book’s detailed examination of France’s long-neglected involvement in the slave trade makes it a necessary read for anyone seeking to understand the cultural echoes of the Middle Passage in the Francophone world and beyond.” - Andrew Optiz, African American Review “Miller’s project is unusual not only in its broad historical scope but also in its attempt to trace links between 18th and 19th-century French literature and 20th-century works by writers from France’s former colonies in Africa and the Caribbean.” - Brent Hayes Edwards (London Review of Books) "Thoroughly researched and thought-provoking, this well-written book will be accessible even to readers unfamiliar with the primary texts Miller discusses. . . . It will interest not only those studying French and Francophone literature but also those pursuing work in African and black studies. Highly recommended. Lower division undergraduates through faculty."- D. L. Boudreau, Choice “This is a book of encyclopedic reach and vast dimensions. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is meticulously researched, almost comprehensive in its treatment of the literary corpus, and makes diligent use of historical scholarship. It offers an astonishing web of circuits of reception, rereadings and intertextual relations between key texts . . . and thus fills a troubling gap in French literary and cultural history. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is a tremendous achievement that is possible only on the basis of decades of committed research and teaching. Most importantly, it is an important rectification of a reprehensible cultural narrative. Perhaps the day will come when French literary history can no longer be written without mentioning the slave trade and the slave colonies that subtended the motherland of liberty.” - Sibylle Fischer (Journal of Colonialism & Colonial History) “This is a book of encyclopedic reach and vast dimensions. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is meticulously researched, almost comprehensive in its treatment of the literary corpus, and makes diligent use of historical scholarship. It offers an astonishing web of circuits of reception, rereadings and intertextual relations between key texts . . . and thus fills a troubling gap in French literary and cultural history. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is a tremendous achievement that is possible only on the basis of decades of committed research and teaching. Most importantly, it is an important rectification of a reprehensible cultural narrative. Perhaps the day will come when French literary history can no longer be written without mentioning the slave trade and the slave colonies that subtended the motherland of liberty.” - Sibylle Fischer, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History "Thoroughly researched and thought-provoking, this well-written book will be accessible even to readers unfamiliar with the primary texts Miller discusses. . . . It will interest not only those studying French and Francophone literature but also those pursuing work in African and black studies. Highly recommended. Lower division undergraduates through faculty."- D. L. Boudreau (Choice) “Miller’s project is unusual not only in its broad historical scope but also in its attempt to trace links between 18th and 19th-century French literature and 20th-century works by writers from France’s former colonies in Africa and the Caribbean.” - Brent Hayes Edwards, London Review of Books “The French Atlantic Triangle will stand as a landmark in both the study of slavery and its very particular manifestations in the French Atlantic world.” - Martin Munro (Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies) “The French Atlantic Triangle is a tremendous achievement. Meticulously researched and lucidly written, it is an introduction to a neglected water world, without knowledge of which our encounter with continental history and literature is doomed to perpetuate biases and omissions.”-Deborah Jenson, author of Trauma and Its Representations: The Social Life of Mimesis in Post-Revolutionary France “The French Atlantic Triangle is an extremely impressive, compelling, and necessary book. Christopher L. Miller provides a magisterial examination of how the history of slavery, which profoundly shaped the culture of France, has haunted and animated the work of generations of writers and artists. In the process he offers us a new way of defining and seeing the French Atlantic.”-Laurent Dubois, author of A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787–1804 “Revealing a remarkable breadth of knowledge, Christopher L. Miller combines conceptual sophistication, an authoritative analysis of Francophone texts, and a compelling discussion of the ways that the French Atlantic triangle emerged and put a lasting imprint on French imagination and politics. This is a significant contribution to an understanding of the world slavery built. It is a truly great book; it should be read by anyone who cares about race, memory, literature, and citizenship.”-FranÇoise VergÈs, author of Monsters and Revolutionaries: Colonial Family Romance and MÉtissage

Christopher L. Miller is Frederick Clifford Ford Professor of African American Studies and French at Yale University. He is the author of Nationalists and Nomads: Essays on Francophone African Literature and Culture; Theories of Africans: Francophone Literature and Anthropology in Africa; and Blank Darkness: Africanist Discourse in French.

• Preface ixAbbreviations xvPart One. The French Atlantic 1. Introduction 32. Around the Triangle 403. The Slave Trade in the Enlightenment 624. The Veeritions of History 83Part Two. French Women Writers: Revolution, Abolitionist Translation, Sentiment (1783-1823) 5. Gendering Abolitionism 996. Olympe de Gouges, "Earwitness to the Ills of America" 1097. Madame de Stael, Mirza, and Pauline: Atlantic Memories 1418. Duras and Her Ourika, "The Ultimate House Slave" 158Conclusion to Part Two 174Part Three. French Male Writers:Restoration, Abolition, Entertainment 9. Tamango around the Atlantic: Concatenations of Revolt 17910. Forget haiti: Baron Roger and the New Africa 24611. Homosociality, Reckoning, and Recognition in Eugene Sue's Atar-Gull 27412. Edouard Corbiere, "Mating," and Maritime Adventure 300Part Four. The Triangle from "Below" 13. Cesaire, Glissant, Conde: Reimagining the Atlantic 32514. African "Silence" 364Conclusion: Reckoning, Reparation, and the Value of Fictions 385Notes 391Bibliography 527Index 547

“The French Atlantic Triangle will stand as a landmark in both the study of slavery and its very particular manifestations in the French Atlantic world.” - Martin Munro, Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies “Miller’s The French Atlantic Triangle is an original and highly readable book that makes a significant contribution to scholarship on Atlantic slavery and its role in shaping the modern world. . . . [T]he book’s detailed examination of France’s long-neglected involvement in the slave trade makes it a necessary read for anyone seeking to understand the cultural echoes of the Middle Passage in the Francophone world and beyond.” - Andrew Optiz (African American Review) “Miller’s The French Atlantic Triangle is an original and highly readable book that makes a significant contribution to scholarship on Atlantic slavery and its role in shaping the modern world. . . . [T]he book’s detailed examination of France’s long-neglected involvement in the slave trade makes it a necessary read for anyone seeking to understand the cultural echoes of the Middle Passage in the Francophone world and beyond.” - Andrew Optiz, African American Review “Miller’s project is unusual not only in its broad historical scope but also in its attempt to trace links between 18th and 19th-century French literature and 20th-century works by writers from France’s former colonies in Africa and the Caribbean.” - Brent Hayes Edwards (London Review of Books) "Thoroughly researched and thought-provoking, this well-written book will be accessible even to readers unfamiliar with the primary texts Miller discusses. . . . It will interest not only those studying French and Francophone literature but also those pursuing work in African and black studies. Highly recommended. Lower division undergraduates through faculty."- D. L. Boudreau, Choice “This is a book of encyclopedic reach and vast dimensions. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is meticulously researched, almost comprehensive in its treatment of the literary corpus, and makes diligent use of historical scholarship. It offers an astonishing web of circuits of reception, rereadings and intertextual relations between key texts . . . and thus fills a troubling gap in French literary and cultural history. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is a tremendous achievement that is possible only on the basis of decades of committed research and teaching. Most importantly, it is an important rectification of a reprehensible cultural narrative. Perhaps the day will come when French literary history can no longer be written without mentioning the slave trade and the slave colonies that subtended the motherland of liberty.” - Sibylle Fischer (Journal of Colonialism & Colonial History) “This is a book of encyclopedic reach and vast dimensions. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is meticulously researched, almost comprehensive in its treatment of the literary corpus, and makes diligent use of historical scholarship. It offers an astonishing web of circuits of reception, rereadings and intertextual relations between key texts . . . and thus fills a troubling gap in French literary and cultural history. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is a tremendous achievement that is possible only on the basis of decades of committed research and teaching. Most importantly, it is an important rectification of a reprehensible cultural narrative. Perhaps the day will come when French literary history can no longer be written without mentioning the slave trade and the slave colonies that subtended the motherland of liberty.” - Sibylle Fischer, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History "Thoroughly researched and thought-provoking, this well-written book will be accessible even to readers unfamiliar with the primary texts Miller discusses. . . . It will interest not only those studying French and Francophone literature but also those pursuing work in African and black studies. Highly recommended. Lower division undergraduates through faculty."- D. L. Boudreau (Choice) “Miller’s project is unusual not only in its broad historical scope but also in its attempt to trace links between 18th and 19th-century French literature and 20th-century works by writers from France’s former colonies in Africa and the Caribbean.” - Brent Hayes Edwards, London Review of Books “The French Atlantic Triangle will stand as a landmark in both the study of slavery and its very particular manifestations in the French Atlantic world.” - Martin Munro (Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies) “The French Atlantic Triangle is a tremendous achievement. Meticulously researched and lucidly written, it is an introduction to a neglected water world, without knowledge of which our encounter with continental history and literature is doomed to perpetuate biases and omissions.”-Deborah Jenson, author of Trauma and Its Representations: The Social Life of Mimesis in Post-Revolutionary France “The French Atlantic Triangle is an extremely impressive, compelling, and necessary book. Christopher L. Miller provides a magisterial examination of how the history of slavery, which profoundly shaped the culture of France, has haunted and animated the work of generations of writers and artists. In the process he offers us a new way of defining and seeing the French Atlantic.”-Laurent Dubois, author of A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787–1804 “Revealing a remarkable breadth of knowledge, Christopher L. Miller combines conceptual sophistication, an authoritative analysis of Francophone texts, and a compelling discussion of the ways that the French Atlantic triangle emerged and put a lasting imprint on French imagination and politics. This is a significant contribution to an understanding of the world slavery built. It is a truly great book; it should be read by anyone who cares about race, memory, literature, and citizenship.”-FranÇoise VergÈs, author of Monsters and Revolutionaries: Colonial Family Romance and MÉtissage

Christopher L. Miller is Frederick Clifford Ford Professor of African American Studies and French at Yale University. He is the author of Nationalists and Nomads: Essays on Francophone African Literature and Culture; Theories of Africans: Francophone Literature and Anthropology in Africa; and Blank Darkness: Africanist Discourse in French.

• Preface ixAbbreviations xvPart One. The French Atlantic 1. Introduction 32. Around the Triangle 403. The Slave Trade in the Enlightenment 624. The Veeritions of History 83Part Two. French Women Writers: Revolution, Abolitionist Translation, Sentiment (1783-1823) 5. Gendering Abolitionism 996. Olympe de Gouges, "Earwitness to the Ills of America" 1097. Madame de Stael, Mirza, and Pauline: Atlantic Memories 1418. Duras and Her Ourika, "The Ultimate House Slave" 158Conclusion to Part Two 174Part Three. French Male Writers:Restoration, Abolition, Entertainment 9. Tamango around the Atlantic: Concatenations of Revolt 17910. Forget haiti: Baron Roger and the New Africa 24611. Homosociality, Reckoning, and Recognition in Eugene Sue's Atar-Gull 27412. Edouard Corbiere, "Mating," and Maritime Adventure 300Part Four. The Triangle from "Below" 13. Cesaire, Glissant, Conde: Reimagining the Atlantic 32514. African "Silence" 364Conclusion: Reckoning, Reparation, and the Value of Fictions 385Notes 391Bibliography 527Index 547

“The French Atlantic Triangle will stand as a landmark in both the study of slavery and its very particular manifestations in the French Atlantic world.” - Martin Munro, Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies “Miller’s The French Atlantic Triangle is an original and highly readable book that makes a significant contribution to scholarship on Atlantic slavery and its role in shaping the modern world. . . . [T]he book’s detailed examination of France’s long-neglected involvement in the slave trade makes it a necessary read for anyone seeking to understand the cultural echoes of the Middle Passage in the Francophone world and beyond.” - Andrew Optiz (African American Review) “Miller’s The French Atlantic Triangle is an original and highly readable book that makes a significant contribution to scholarship on Atlantic slavery and its role in shaping the modern world. . . . [T]he book’s detailed examination of France’s long-neglected involvement in the slave trade makes it a necessary read for anyone seeking to understand the cultural echoes of the Middle Passage in the Francophone world and beyond.” - Andrew Optiz, African American Review “Miller’s project is unusual not only in its broad historical scope but also in its attempt to trace links between 18th and 19th-century French literature and 20th-century works by writers from France’s former colonies in Africa and the Caribbean.” - Brent Hayes Edwards (London Review of Books) "Thoroughly researched and thought-provoking, this well-written book will be accessible even to readers unfamiliar with the primary texts Miller discusses. . . . It will interest not only those studying French and Francophone literature but also those pursuing work in African and black studies. Highly recommended. Lower division undergraduates through faculty."- D. L. Boudreau, Choice “This is a book of encyclopedic reach and vast dimensions. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is meticulously researched, almost comprehensive in its treatment of the literary corpus, and makes diligent use of historical scholarship. It offers an astonishing web of circuits of reception, rereadings and intertextual relations between key texts . . . and thus fills a troubling gap in French literary and cultural history. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is a tremendous achievement that is possible only on the basis of decades of committed research and teaching. Most importantly, it is an important rectification of a reprehensible cultural narrative. Perhaps the day will come when French literary history can no longer be written without mentioning the slave trade and the slave colonies that subtended the motherland of liberty.” - Sibylle Fischer (Journal of Colonialism & Colonial History) “This is a book of encyclopedic reach and vast dimensions. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is meticulously researched, almost comprehensive in its treatment of the literary corpus, and makes diligent use of historical scholarship. It offers an astonishing web of circuits of reception, rereadings and intertextual relations between key texts . . . and thus fills a troubling gap in French literary and cultural history. . . . The French Atlantic Triangle is a tremendous achievement that is possible only on the basis of decades of committed research and teaching. Most importantly, it is an important rectification of a reprehensible cultural narrative. Perhaps the day will come when French literary history can no longer be written without mentioning the slave trade and the slave colonies that subtended the motherland of liberty.” - Sibylle Fischer, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History "Thoroughly researched and thought-provoking, this well-written book will be accessible even to readers unfamiliar with the primary texts Miller discusses. . . . It will interest not only those studying French and Francophone literature but also those pursuing work in African and black studies. Highly recommended. Lower division undergraduates through faculty."- D. L. Boudreau (Choice) “Miller’s project is unusual not only in its broad historical scope but also in its attempt to trace links between 18th and 19th-century French literature and 20th-century works by writers from France’s former colonies in Africa and the Caribbean.” - Brent Hayes Edwards, London Review of Books “The French Atlantic Triangle will stand as a landmark in both the study of slavery and its very particular manifestations in the French Atlantic world.” - Martin Munro (Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies) “The French Atlantic Triangle is a tremendous achievement. Meticulously researched and lucidly written, it is an introduction to a neglected water world, without knowledge of which our encounter with continental history and literature is doomed to perpetuate biases and omissions.”-Deborah Jenson, author of Trauma and Its Representations: The Social Life of Mimesis in Post-Revolutionary France “The French Atlantic Triangle is an extremely impressive, compelling, and necessary book. Christopher L. Miller provides a magisterial examination of how the history of slavery, which profoundly shaped the culture of France, has haunted and animated the work of generations of writers and artists. In the process he offers us a new way of defining and seeing the French Atlantic.”-Laurent Dubois, author of A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787–1804 “Revealing a remarkable breadth of knowledge, Christopher L. Miller combines conceptual sophistication, an authoritative analysis of Francophone texts, and a compelling discussion of the ways that the French Atlantic triangle emerged and put a lasting imprint on French imagination and politics. This is a significant contribution to an understanding of the world slavery built. It is a truly great book; it should be read by anyone who cares about race, memory, literature, and citizenship.”-FranÇoise VergÈs, author of Monsters and Revolutionaries: Colonial Family Romance and MÉtissage