Cedric de Leon is Professor of Sociology and Labor Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

• Contents  List of IllustrationsList of Abbreviations  1 Black Vanguard2 The Brotherhoods3 The Congress and the March4 The Council and the Committee5 The March Triumphant6 Freedom Is a Constant Struggle  AcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex

“Drawing on detailed archival research and interviews, De Leon takes us through key moments in Black labor activism in America in twentieth century, beginning with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Famously, A. Philip Randolph called on Black train porters to create their own union, both to press for higher wages and better working conditions, but also to show the labor movement, and their employers ‘that all Negroes are Not for Sale…that Negroes could build up an organization in this Country with their own money, brains and spirit.’ "

Cedric de Leon is Professor of Sociology and Labor Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

• Contents  List of IllustrationsList of Abbreviations  1 Black Vanguard2 The Brotherhoods3 The Congress and the March4 The Council and the Committee5 The March Triumphant6 Freedom Is a Constant Struggle  AcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex

“Drawing on detailed archival research and interviews, De Leon takes us through key moments in Black labor activism in America in twentieth century, beginning with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Famously, A. Philip Randolph called on Black train porters to create their own union, both to press for higher wages and better working conditions, but also to show the labor movement, and their employers ‘that all Negroes are Not for Sale…that Negroes could build up an organization in this Country with their own money, brains and spirit.’ "

Cedric de Leon is Professor of Sociology and Labor Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

• Contents  List of IllustrationsList of Abbreviations  1 Black Vanguard2 The Brotherhoods3 The Congress and the March4 The Council and the Committee5 The March Triumphant6 Freedom Is a Constant Struggle  AcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex

“Drawing on detailed archival research and interviews, De Leon takes us through key moments in Black labor activism in America in twentieth century, beginning with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Famously, A. Philip Randolph called on Black train porters to create their own union, both to press for higher wages and better working conditions, but also to show the labor movement, and their employers ‘that all Negroes are Not for Sale…that Negroes could build up an organization in this Country with their own money, brains and spirit.’ "