Sirja-Leena Penttinen is Assistant Director, Adjunct Professor at the Center for Energy Law, Tulane University Law School, USA; and Senior Lecturer at UEF Law School, University of Eastern Finland. She has published widely on different aspects of international and European energy law; her recent research and consultancy activities have focused on the implications of the sustainable energy transition to markets and investments.

• 1. Introduction 2. The context: The Evolution of EU Energy Markets 3. Free Movement of Goods: Ensuring Cross-Border Energy Trade 4. Free Movement of Capital: Ensuring Foreign Direct Investment in Energy 5. Conclusion

Sirja-Leena Penttinen is Assistant Director, Adjunct Professor at the Center for Energy Law, Tulane University Law School, USA; and Senior Lecturer at UEF Law School, University of Eastern Finland. She has published widely on different aspects of international and European energy law; her recent research and consultancy activities have focused on the implications of the sustainable energy transition to markets and investments.

• 1. Introduction 2. The context: The Evolution of EU Energy Markets 3. Free Movement of Goods: Ensuring Cross-Border Energy Trade 4. Free Movement of Capital: Ensuring Foreign Direct Investment in Energy 5. Conclusion

Sirja-Leena Penttinen is Assistant Director, Adjunct Professor at the Center for Energy Law, Tulane University Law School, USA; and Senior Lecturer at UEF Law School, University of Eastern Finland. She has published widely on different aspects of international and European energy law; her recent research and consultancy activities have focused on the implications of the sustainable energy transition to markets and investments.

• 1. Introduction 2. The context: The Evolution of EU Energy Markets 3. Free Movement of Goods: Ensuring Cross-Border Energy Trade 4. Free Movement of Capital: Ensuring Foreign Direct Investment in Energy 5. Conclusion