Wilson C. Chin, who earned his PhD from MIT and MSc from Caltech, heads StrataMagnetic Software, LLC in Houston, which develops mathematical modeling software for formation testing, MWD telemetry, borehole electromagnetics, well logging, reservoir engineering, and managed pressure drilling. He is the author of ten books, more than 100 papers, and over forty patents.Yanmin Zhou received her PhD in geological resources engineering from the University of Petroleum, Beijing, and serves as Geophysics Engineer at the China National Offshore Oil Corporation.Yongren Feng is Chief Mechanical Engineer at the China National Offshore Oil Corporation with three decades of design experience covering a dozen logging tools. With more than 100 patents, he serves as Project Leader for the 12th National Five Year Plan in formation tester development, and he was elected as one of China’s National Technology and Innovation Leaders.Qiang Yu earned his MSc in measurement technology and instrumentation from Xi’an Shiyou University and serves as Senior Control Engineer in formation testing and field operations. He is an Associate Project Leader in the national formation testing program with the China National Offshore Oil Corporation.Lixin Zhao earned his PhD from the University of Petroleum, Beijing, and serves as Senior Petrophysical Scientist, with three decades of logging and formation evaluation experience.

• Opening Message xixPreface xxiAcknowledgements xxviiPart 1 Modern Ideas in Job Planning and Execution1. Basic Ideas, Challenges and Developments 11.1 Background and introduction 11.2 Existing models, implicit assumptions and limitations 61.3 Tool development, testing and deployment – role of modeling and "behind the scenes" at CNOOC/COSL 151.4 Book objectives and presentation plan 291.5 References 322. Forward Pressure and Contamination Analysis in Single and Multiphase Compressible Flow 342.1 Single-phase source fl ow models 342.2 Dual packer and dual probe flows 402.3 Supercharging, mudcake growth and pressure interpretation 452.4 Boundary and azimuthal effects in horizontal wells 482.5 Contamination clean-up at the source probe 492.6 Sampling-while-drilling tools and clean-up efficiency 512.7 References 553. Inverse Methods for Permeability, Anisotropy and Formation Boundary Effects Assuming Liquids 563.1 New inverse methods summary 563.2 New inverse modeling capabilities 573.3 Inverse examples – dip angle, multivalued solutions and skin 623.4 Computational notes on complex complementary error function evaluation 703.5 Source model – analytical and physical limitations 723.6 Full three-dimensional transient Darcy fl ow model for horizontal wells 723.7 Phase delay inverse method and electromagnetic analogy 753.8 Source model applications to dual packers 763.9 Closing remarks 763.10 References 77Part II Math Models, Results and Detailed Examples4. Multiphase Flow and Contamination – Transient Immiscible and Miscible Modeling with Fluid Compressibility 784.1 Invasion, supercharging and multiphase pumping 794.2 Mathematical formulation and numerical solution 864.3 Miscible fl ow formulation 964.4 Three-dimensional fl ow extensions 974.5 Computational implementation for azimuthal effects 984.6 Modeling long-time invasion and mudcake scrape-off 994.7 Software features 994.8 Calculated miscible fl ow pressures and concentrations 1004.9 Calculated immiscible fl ow clean-up examples 1164.10 Closing remarks 1184.11 References 1195. Exact Pressure Transient Analysis for Liquids in Anisotropic Homogeneous Media, Including Flowline Storage Effects, With and Without Skin at Arbitrary Dip Angles 1215.1 Background and objectives 1225.2 Detailed pressure transient examples (twenty!) – competing effects of nisotropy, skin, dip and flowline storage 1305.3 Software operational details and user interface 1465.4 Closing remarks 1565.5 Appendix – Mathematical model and numerical implementation 1596. Permeability Interpretation for Liquids in Anisotropic Media,Including Flowline Storage Effects, With and Without Skin at Arbitrary Dip Angles 1966.1 Six new inverse methods summarized 1966.2 Existing inverse methods and limitations 1986.3 Permeability anisotropy theory without skin (ellipsoidal source) 2016.4 Zero skin permeability prediction examples (ellipsoidal source) 2096.5 Permeability anisotropy with skin effects (ellipsoidal source) 2176.6 Non-zero skin permeability prediction examples (ellipsoidal source) 2196.7 Low permeability pulse interference testing (ellipsoidal source) –getting results with short test times 2256.8 Fully three-dimensional inverse methods 2386.9 Software interface for steady inverse methods (ellipsoidal source) 2456.10 Formation testing while drilling (FTWD) 2516.11 Closing remarks 2716.12 References 2737. Three-Dimensional Pads and Dual Packers on Real Tools with Flowline Storage in Layered Anisotropic Media for Horizontal Well Single-Phase Liquid and Gas Flows 2747.1 Pad and dual pad models for horizontal well application 2747.2 Fundamental ideas in fi nite difference modeling 2807.3 Mathematical formulation and geometric transformations 2867.4 Meshing algorithm construction details 3037.5 Three-dimensional calculations and validations 3067.6 User interface and extended capabilities 3307.7 Closing remarks 3357.8 References 3368. Gas Pumping: Forward and Inverse Methods in Anisotropic Media at Arbitrary Dip Angles for Point Source, Straddle Packer and Real Nozzles 3378.1 Gas reservoir pumping basics and modeling objectives 3388.2 Direct and inverse formulations for ellipsoidal source 3408.3 Ellipsoidal source – exact steady forward and inverse solutions 3438.4 Special analytical results 3478.5 Direct solver, solution procedure 3498.6 Forward model gas calculations 3508.7 Second-order schemes 3538.8 Inverse solver, solution software 3538.9 Inverse gas calculations 3558.10 Ellipsoidal source – fully transient numerical solutions for gases and liquids 3588.11 Transient source pulse interaction inverse method 3698.12 Ring source, layered model for vertical wells 3728.13 Pad nozzle and dual packer sources for horizontal wells 3818.14 Application to modern gas reservoir characterization 3838.15 References 3839. Three-Dimensional Phase Delay Response in Layered Anisotropic Media with Dip 3859.1 Basic phase delay and amplitude attenuation ideas 3859.2 Layered model formulation 3879.3 Phase delay software interface 3929.4 Detailed phase delay results in layered anisotropic media 3969.5 Closing remarks – extensions and additional applications 4049.6 References 406Part III Consulting Services and Advanced SoftwareConsulting services and advanced software 407Module FT-00 408Module FT-01 410Module FT-02 412Module FT-03 414Module FT-04 418Module FT-05 420Module FT-06 421Module FT-07 423Module FT-PTA-DDBU 425Part IV Cumulative References, Index and Author ContactCumulative References 426Index 431About the Authors 439

Wilson C. Chin, who earned his PhD from MIT and MSc from Caltech, heads StrataMagnetic Software, LLC in Houston, which develops mathematical modeling software for formation testing, MWD telemetry, borehole electromagnetics, well logging, reservoir engineering, and managed pressure drilling. He is the author of ten books, more than 100 papers, and over forty patents.Yanmin Zhou received her PhD in geological resources engineering from the University of Petroleum, Beijing, and serves as Geophysics Engineer at the China National Offshore Oil Corporation.Yongren Feng is Chief Mechanical Engineer at the China National Offshore Oil Corporation with three decades of design experience covering a dozen logging tools. With more than 100 patents, he serves as Project Leader for the 12th National Five Year Plan in formation tester development, and he was elected as one of China’s National Technology and Innovation Leaders.Qiang Yu earned his MSc in measurement technology and instrumentation from Xi’an Shiyou University and serves as Senior Control Engineer in formation testing and field operations. He is an Associate Project Leader in the national formation testing program with the China National Offshore Oil Corporation.Lixin Zhao earned his PhD from the University of Petroleum, Beijing, and serves as Senior Petrophysical Scientist, with three decades of logging and formation evaluation experience.

• Opening Message xixPreface xxiAcknowledgements xxviiPart 1 Modern Ideas in Job Planning and Execution1. Basic Ideas, Challenges and Developments 11.1 Background and introduction 11.2 Existing models, implicit assumptions and limitations 61.3 Tool development, testing and deployment – role of modeling and "behind the scenes" at CNOOC/COSL 151.4 Book objectives and presentation plan 291.5 References 322. Forward Pressure and Contamination Analysis in Single and Multiphase Compressible Flow 342.1 Single-phase source fl ow models 342.2 Dual packer and dual probe flows 402.3 Supercharging, mudcake growth and pressure interpretation 452.4 Boundary and azimuthal effects in horizontal wells 482.5 Contamination clean-up at the source probe 492.6 Sampling-while-drilling tools and clean-up efficiency 512.7 References 553. Inverse Methods for Permeability, Anisotropy and Formation Boundary Effects Assuming Liquids 563.1 New inverse methods summary 563.2 New inverse modeling capabilities 573.3 Inverse examples – dip angle, multivalued solutions and skin 623.4 Computational notes on complex complementary error function evaluation 703.5 Source model – analytical and physical limitations 723.6 Full three-dimensional transient Darcy fl ow model for horizontal wells 723.7 Phase delay inverse method and electromagnetic analogy 753.8 Source model applications to dual packers 763.9 Closing remarks 763.10 References 77Part II Math Models, Results and Detailed Examples4. Multiphase Flow and Contamination – Transient Immiscible and Miscible Modeling with Fluid Compressibility 784.1 Invasion, supercharging and multiphase pumping 794.2 Mathematical formulation and numerical solution 864.3 Miscible fl ow formulation 964.4 Three-dimensional fl ow extensions 974.5 Computational implementation for azimuthal effects 984.6 Modeling long-time invasion and mudcake scrape-off 994.7 Software features 994.8 Calculated miscible fl ow pressures and concentrations 1004.9 Calculated immiscible fl ow clean-up examples 1164.10 Closing remarks 1184.11 References 1195. Exact Pressure Transient Analysis for Liquids in Anisotropic Homogeneous Media, Including Flowline Storage Effects, With and Without Skin at Arbitrary Dip Angles 1215.1 Background and objectives 1225.2 Detailed pressure transient examples (twenty!) – competing effects of nisotropy, skin, dip and flowline storage 1305.3 Software operational details and user interface 1465.4 Closing remarks 1565.5 Appendix – Mathematical model and numerical implementation 1596. Permeability Interpretation for Liquids in Anisotropic Media,Including Flowline Storage Effects, With and Without Skin at Arbitrary Dip Angles 1966.1 Six new inverse methods summarized 1966.2 Existing inverse methods and limitations 1986.3 Permeability anisotropy theory without skin (ellipsoidal source) 2016.4 Zero skin permeability prediction examples (ellipsoidal source) 2096.5 Permeability anisotropy with skin effects (ellipsoidal source) 2176.6 Non-zero skin permeability prediction examples (ellipsoidal source) 2196.7 Low permeability pulse interference testing (ellipsoidal source) –getting results with short test times 2256.8 Fully three-dimensional inverse methods 2386.9 Software interface for steady inverse methods (ellipsoidal source) 2456.10 Formation testing while drilling (FTWD) 2516.11 Closing remarks 2716.12 References 2737. Three-Dimensional Pads and Dual Packers on Real Tools with Flowline Storage in Layered Anisotropic Media for Horizontal Well Single-Phase Liquid and Gas Flows 2747.1 Pad and dual pad models for horizontal well application 2747.2 Fundamental ideas in fi nite difference modeling 2807.3 Mathematical formulation and geometric transformations 2867.4 Meshing algorithm construction details 3037.5 Three-dimensional calculations and validations 3067.6 User interface and extended capabilities 3307.7 Closing remarks 3357.8 References 3368. Gas Pumping: Forward and Inverse Methods in Anisotropic Media at Arbitrary Dip Angles for Point Source, Straddle Packer and Real Nozzles 3378.1 Gas reservoir pumping basics and modeling objectives 3388.2 Direct and inverse formulations for ellipsoidal source 3408.3 Ellipsoidal source – exact steady forward and inverse solutions 3438.4 Special analytical results 3478.5 Direct solver, solution procedure 3498.6 Forward model gas calculations 3508.7 Second-order schemes 3538.8 Inverse solver, solution software 3538.9 Inverse gas calculations 3558.10 Ellipsoidal source – fully transient numerical solutions for gases and liquids 3588.11 Transient source pulse interaction inverse method 3698.12 Ring source, layered model for vertical wells 3728.13 Pad nozzle and dual packer sources for horizontal wells 3818.14 Application to modern gas reservoir characterization 3838.15 References 3839. Three-Dimensional Phase Delay Response in Layered Anisotropic Media with Dip 3859.1 Basic phase delay and amplitude attenuation ideas 3859.2 Layered model formulation 3879.3 Phase delay software interface 3929.4 Detailed phase delay results in layered anisotropic media 3969.5 Closing remarks – extensions and additional applications 4049.6 References 406Part III Consulting Services and Advanced SoftwareConsulting services and advanced software 407Module FT-00 408Module FT-01 410Module FT-02 412Module FT-03 414Module FT-04 418Module FT-05 420Module FT-06 421Module FT-07 423Module FT-PTA-DDBU 425Part IV Cumulative References, Index and Author ContactCumulative References 426Index 431About the Authors 439

Wilson C. Chin, who earned his PhD from MIT and MSc from Caltech, heads StrataMagnetic Software, LLC in Houston, which develops mathematical modeling software for formation testing, MWD telemetry, borehole electromagnetics, well logging, reservoir engineering, and managed pressure drilling. He is the author of ten books, more than 100 papers, and over forty patents.Yanmin Zhou received her PhD in geological resources engineering from the University of Petroleum, Beijing, and serves as Geophysics Engineer at the China National Offshore Oil Corporation.Yongren Feng is Chief Mechanical Engineer at the China National Offshore Oil Corporation with three decades of design experience covering a dozen logging tools. With more than 100 patents, he serves as Project Leader for the 12th National Five Year Plan in formation tester development, and he was elected as one of China’s National Technology and Innovation Leaders.Qiang Yu earned his MSc in measurement technology and instrumentation from Xi’an Shiyou University and serves as Senior Control Engineer in formation testing and field operations. He is an Associate Project Leader in the national formation testing program with the China National Offshore Oil Corporation.Lixin Zhao earned his PhD from the University of Petroleum, Beijing, and serves as Senior Petrophysical Scientist, with three decades of logging and formation evaluation experience.

• Opening Message xixPreface xxiAcknowledgements xxviiPart 1 Modern Ideas in Job Planning and Execution1. Basic Ideas, Challenges and Developments 11.1 Background and introduction 11.2 Existing models, implicit assumptions and limitations 61.3 Tool development, testing and deployment – role of modeling and "behind the scenes" at CNOOC/COSL 151.4 Book objectives and presentation plan 291.5 References 322. Forward Pressure and Contamination Analysis in Single and Multiphase Compressible Flow 342.1 Single-phase source fl ow models 342.2 Dual packer and dual probe flows 402.3 Supercharging, mudcake growth and pressure interpretation 452.4 Boundary and azimuthal effects in horizontal wells 482.5 Contamination clean-up at the source probe 492.6 Sampling-while-drilling tools and clean-up efficiency 512.7 References 553. Inverse Methods for Permeability, Anisotropy and Formation Boundary Effects Assuming Liquids 563.1 New inverse methods summary 563.2 New inverse modeling capabilities 573.3 Inverse examples – dip angle, multivalued solutions and skin 623.4 Computational notes on complex complementary error function evaluation 703.5 Source model – analytical and physical limitations 723.6 Full three-dimensional transient Darcy fl ow model for horizontal wells 723.7 Phase delay inverse method and electromagnetic analogy 753.8 Source model applications to dual packers 763.9 Closing remarks 763.10 References 77Part II Math Models, Results and Detailed Examples4. Multiphase Flow and Contamination – Transient Immiscible and Miscible Modeling with Fluid Compressibility 784.1 Invasion, supercharging and multiphase pumping 794.2 Mathematical formulation and numerical solution 864.3 Miscible fl ow formulation 964.4 Three-dimensional fl ow extensions 974.5 Computational implementation for azimuthal effects 984.6 Modeling long-time invasion and mudcake scrape-off 994.7 Software features 994.8 Calculated miscible fl ow pressures and concentrations 1004.9 Calculated immiscible fl ow clean-up examples 1164.10 Closing remarks 1184.11 References 1195. Exact Pressure Transient Analysis for Liquids in Anisotropic Homogeneous Media, Including Flowline Storage Effects, With and Without Skin at Arbitrary Dip Angles 1215.1 Background and objectives 1225.2 Detailed pressure transient examples (twenty!) – competing effects of nisotropy, skin, dip and flowline storage 1305.3 Software operational details and user interface 1465.4 Closing remarks 1565.5 Appendix – Mathematical model and numerical implementation 1596. Permeability Interpretation for Liquids in Anisotropic Media,Including Flowline Storage Effects, With and Without Skin at Arbitrary Dip Angles 1966.1 Six new inverse methods summarized 1966.2 Existing inverse methods and limitations 1986.3 Permeability anisotropy theory without skin (ellipsoidal source) 2016.4 Zero skin permeability prediction examples (ellipsoidal source) 2096.5 Permeability anisotropy with skin effects (ellipsoidal source) 2176.6 Non-zero skin permeability prediction examples (ellipsoidal source) 2196.7 Low permeability pulse interference testing (ellipsoidal source) –getting results with short test times 2256.8 Fully three-dimensional inverse methods 2386.9 Software interface for steady inverse methods (ellipsoidal source) 2456.10 Formation testing while drilling (FTWD) 2516.11 Closing remarks 2716.12 References 2737. Three-Dimensional Pads and Dual Packers on Real Tools with Flowline Storage in Layered Anisotropic Media for Horizontal Well Single-Phase Liquid and Gas Flows 2747.1 Pad and dual pad models for horizontal well application 2747.2 Fundamental ideas in fi nite difference modeling 2807.3 Mathematical formulation and geometric transformations 2867.4 Meshing algorithm construction details 3037.5 Three-dimensional calculations and validations 3067.6 User interface and extended capabilities 3307.7 Closing remarks 3357.8 References 3368. Gas Pumping: Forward and Inverse Methods in Anisotropic Media at Arbitrary Dip Angles for Point Source, Straddle Packer and Real Nozzles 3378.1 Gas reservoir pumping basics and modeling objectives 3388.2 Direct and inverse formulations for ellipsoidal source 3408.3 Ellipsoidal source – exact steady forward and inverse solutions 3438.4 Special analytical results 3478.5 Direct solver, solution procedure 3498.6 Forward model gas calculations 3508.7 Second-order schemes 3538.8 Inverse solver, solution software 3538.9 Inverse gas calculations 3558.10 Ellipsoidal source – fully transient numerical solutions for gases and liquids 3588.11 Transient source pulse interaction inverse method 3698.12 Ring source, layered model for vertical wells 3728.13 Pad nozzle and dual packer sources for horizontal wells 3818.14 Application to modern gas reservoir characterization 3838.15 References 3839. Three-Dimensional Phase Delay Response in Layered Anisotropic Media with Dip 3859.1 Basic phase delay and amplitude attenuation ideas 3859.2 Layered model formulation 3879.3 Phase delay software interface 3929.4 Detailed phase delay results in layered anisotropic media 3969.5 Closing remarks – extensions and additional applications 4049.6 References 406Part III Consulting Services and Advanced SoftwareConsulting services and advanced software 407Module FT-00 408Module FT-01 410Module FT-02 412Module FT-03 414Module FT-04 418Module FT-05 420Module FT-06 421Module FT-07 423Module FT-PTA-DDBU 425Part IV Cumulative References, Index and Author ContactCumulative References 426Index 431About the Authors 439