Daniel J. Vogt is a lecturer on soils and ecosystem ecology and an associate research scientist at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. His expertise is in the different aspects of the properties and processes of soils related to ecosystem ecology, sustainable forestry, and biological conservation. He has been involved in research in Belize, Brazil, Iceland, Malaysia, and Mexico, and his experience includes work in Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Kristiina A. Vogt is professor of forest ecosystem ecology at Yale University’s School ofForestry and Environmental Studies. She is also the chairman of the Yale Forest Forum. John C. Gordon is currently a Pinchot professor of forestry at Yale’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, a position he has held since 1990. Bruce C. Larson is director of the forests belonging to Yale University and a lecturer in forest management at Yale’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. He is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Board and a consultant to Mistik Management Ltd. Anna Fanzeres is a candidate for a doctorate in forestry and environmental studies from Yale, where she also earned her M.S. in environmental studies.

• Preface 1 Issues in forest certification 1.1 Improvements crucial to successful implementation of forest certification 1.2 Why certification is relevant 2 Roots of forest certification: its developmental history, types of approaches, and statistics 2.1 Origins of the concept of forest certification 2.2 Other relevant initiatives in forest certification 2.3 The certification of environmental claims in industrialized countries 2.4 Analysis of forest certification approaches 2.5 Current statistics and characterization of certified forests by ownership type and land area 3 Definitions and current values integrated into certification protocols 3.1 Defining terminology 3.2 Value-laden issues of certification 4 Case study and evaluation of the dominant certification protocols 4.1 Relevance of Toumey Forest to assess certification protocols 4.2 Analysis of the elements comprising the dominant certification protocols as structured in January 1998 4.3 Case study: student evaluation of protocols at Yale’s Toumey Forest 5 Indicators relevant for inclusion in assessments: types, minimum number, and those derived from non-human values 5.1 Indicators selection criteria 5.2 Non-value-based parameters relevant for incorporation into certification 5.3 Social legacies constraining natural resource uses 6 Direct and indirect impacts of natural resource management practices on the ecosystem 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Forest management activities leading to regeneration 6.2.1 Processing of logs for transport (from stump to landing) 6.2.2 Methods of log transport (from stump to landing) 6.3 Forest management activities not associated with regeneration 6.4 Infrastructure related to forest management activities 6.5 Summary 7 Synthesis discussion of issues relevant to certification 7.1 Necessity of assessing the landscape’s matrix within which a management unit is embedded 7.2 Social and natural science links 7.3 Public participation in certification 7.4 Importance and participation of non-industrial private forests 7.5 Certification: constraints and opportunities for non-industrial private forestland owners 7.6 Estimating price premiums necessary to pay for forest certification 7.7 Chain of custody as an impediment to certification 7.8 Challenges and opportunities for tropical timber certification: Mexico’s experience 8 Challenges and benefits of certification 8.1 Summary discussion of the advantages and challenges of certification 8.2 Opportunities and challenges identified by certifiers and certified owners 8.3 Factors affecting future use of certification as an assessment tool 8.4 Reason for forestland owners not to become certified 8.5 The past and future goals of certification.

Daniel J. Vogt is a lecturer on soils and ecosystem ecology and an associate research scientist at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. His expertise is in the different aspects of the properties and processes of soils related to ecosystem ecology, sustainable forestry, and biological conservation. He has been involved in research in Belize, Brazil, Iceland, Malaysia, and Mexico, and his experience includes work in Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Kristiina A. Vogt is professor of forest ecosystem ecology at Yale University’s School ofForestry and Environmental Studies. She is also the chairman of the Yale Forest Forum. John C. Gordon is currently a Pinchot professor of forestry at Yale’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, a position he has held since 1990. Bruce C. Larson is director of the forests belonging to Yale University and a lecturer in forest management at Yale’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. He is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Board and a consultant to Mistik Management Ltd. Anna Fanzeres is a candidate for a doctorate in forestry and environmental studies from Yale, where she also earned her M.S. in environmental studies.

• Preface 1 Issues in forest certification 1.1 Improvements crucial to successful implementation of forest certification 1.2 Why certification is relevant 2 Roots of forest certification: its developmental history, types of approaches, and statistics 2.1 Origins of the concept of forest certification 2.2 Other relevant initiatives in forest certification 2.3 The certification of environmental claims in industrialized countries 2.4 Analysis of forest certification approaches 2.5 Current statistics and characterization of certified forests by ownership type and land area 3 Definitions and current values integrated into certification protocols 3.1 Defining terminology 3.2 Value-laden issues of certification 4 Case study and evaluation of the dominant certification protocols 4.1 Relevance of Toumey Forest to assess certification protocols 4.2 Analysis of the elements comprising the dominant certification protocols as structured in January 1998 4.3 Case study: student evaluation of protocols at Yale’s Toumey Forest 5 Indicators relevant for inclusion in assessments: types, minimum number, and those derived from non-human values 5.1 Indicators selection criteria 5.2 Non-value-based parameters relevant for incorporation into certification 5.3 Social legacies constraining natural resource uses 6 Direct and indirect impacts of natural resource management practices on the ecosystem 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Forest management activities leading to regeneration 6.2.1 Processing of logs for transport (from stump to landing) 6.2.2 Methods of log transport (from stump to landing) 6.3 Forest management activities not associated with regeneration 6.4 Infrastructure related to forest management activities 6.5 Summary 7 Synthesis discussion of issues relevant to certification 7.1 Necessity of assessing the landscape’s matrix within which a management unit is embedded 7.2 Social and natural science links 7.3 Public participation in certification 7.4 Importance and participation of non-industrial private forests 7.5 Certification: constraints and opportunities for non-industrial private forestland owners 7.6 Estimating price premiums necessary to pay for forest certification 7.7 Chain of custody as an impediment to certification 7.8 Challenges and opportunities for tropical timber certification: Mexico’s experience 8 Challenges and benefits of certification 8.1 Summary discussion of the advantages and challenges of certification 8.2 Opportunities and challenges identified by certifiers and certified owners 8.3 Factors affecting future use of certification as an assessment tool 8.4 Reason for forestland owners not to become certified 8.5 The past and future goals of certification.

Daniel J. Vogt is a lecturer on soils and ecosystem ecology and an associate research scientist at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. His expertise is in the different aspects of the properties and processes of soils related to ecosystem ecology, sustainable forestry, and biological conservation. He has been involved in research in Belize, Brazil, Iceland, Malaysia, and Mexico, and his experience includes work in Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Kristiina A. Vogt is professor of forest ecosystem ecology at Yale University’s School ofForestry and Environmental Studies. She is also the chairman of the Yale Forest Forum. John C. Gordon is currently a Pinchot professor of forestry at Yale’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, a position he has held since 1990. Bruce C. Larson is director of the forests belonging to Yale University and a lecturer in forest management at Yale’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. He is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Board and a consultant to Mistik Management Ltd. Anna Fanzeres is a candidate for a doctorate in forestry and environmental studies from Yale, where she also earned her M.S. in environmental studies.

• Preface 1 Issues in forest certification 1.1 Improvements crucial to successful implementation of forest certification 1.2 Why certification is relevant 2 Roots of forest certification: its developmental history, types of approaches, and statistics 2.1 Origins of the concept of forest certification 2.2 Other relevant initiatives in forest certification 2.3 The certification of environmental claims in industrialized countries 2.4 Analysis of forest certification approaches 2.5 Current statistics and characterization of certified forests by ownership type and land area 3 Definitions and current values integrated into certification protocols 3.1 Defining terminology 3.2 Value-laden issues of certification 4 Case study and evaluation of the dominant certification protocols 4.1 Relevance of Toumey Forest to assess certification protocols 4.2 Analysis of the elements comprising the dominant certification protocols as structured in January 1998 4.3 Case study: student evaluation of protocols at Yale’s Toumey Forest 5 Indicators relevant for inclusion in assessments: types, minimum number, and those derived from non-human values 5.1 Indicators selection criteria 5.2 Non-value-based parameters relevant for incorporation into certification 5.3 Social legacies constraining natural resource uses 6 Direct and indirect impacts of natural resource management practices on the ecosystem 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Forest management activities leading to regeneration 6.2.1 Processing of logs for transport (from stump to landing) 6.2.2 Methods of log transport (from stump to landing) 6.3 Forest management activities not associated with regeneration 6.4 Infrastructure related to forest management activities 6.5 Summary 7 Synthesis discussion of issues relevant to certification 7.1 Necessity of assessing the landscape’s matrix within which a management unit is embedded 7.2 Social and natural science links 7.3 Public participation in certification 7.4 Importance and participation of non-industrial private forests 7.5 Certification: constraints and opportunities for non-industrial private forestland owners 7.6 Estimating price premiums necessary to pay for forest certification 7.7 Chain of custody as an impediment to certification 7.8 Challenges and opportunities for tropical timber certification: Mexico’s experience 8 Challenges and benefits of certification 8.1 Summary discussion of the advantages and challenges of certification 8.2 Opportunities and challenges identified by certifiers and certified owners 8.3 Factors affecting future use of certification as an assessment tool 8.4 Reason for forestland owners not to become certified 8.5 The past and future goals of certification.