Foreigners, Refugees or Minorities?

Didier Bigo is Professor of International Relations (and Maître de conférences des universités) at Sciences-Po Paris, France, and Researcher at CERI/FNSP. Bigo is also Professor at Kings College London, UK. Sergio Carrera is Senior Research Fellow and Head of the Justice and Home Affairs Programme at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Belgium. Elspeth Guild is a Jean-Monnet Professor of European migration law at the Radboud University Nijmegen (The Netherlands). She is also Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies in Brussels and a partner at the London law firm Kingsley Napley. She is a Visiting Professor at the LSE London and teaches in the Department of War Studies at Kings College London.

• Chapter 1 Introduction International Relations, Citizenship and Minority Discrimination: Setting the Scene, Elspeth Guild, Sergio Carrera; Chapter 2 When Montesquieu Goes Transnational: The Roma as an Excuse, Visas as Preventive Logic, Judges as Sites of Resistance, Didier Bigo; section1 Roma, The European Union and International Relations; Chapter 3 Czech and Hungarian Roma Exodus to Canada: How to Distinguish Between Unbearable Destitution and Unbearable Persecution, Judit Tóth; Chapter 4 Roma and Racial Discrimination: The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, Claude Cahn; Chapter 5 Legal Modernities – Conceptual Transformations Around the Management of Human Mobility in International Relations, Maria Koblanck; section2 The EU–Canada Visa and Roma 2009 Affair; Chapter 6 The Canada–Czech Republic Visa Affair: A Test for Visa Reciprocity and Fundamental Rights in the European Union, Alejandro Eggenschwiler; Chapter 7 Asymmetric Borders: The Canada–Czech Republic ‘Visa War’ and the Question of Rights, Mark B. Salter, Can E. Mutlu; Chapter 8 State Protection of the Czech Roma and the Canadian Refugee System, Marina Caparini; section3 The Visa and Surveillance Logics: Policing at a Distance; Chapter 9 EU Visa and Border Control Policies: What Roles for Security and Reciprocity?, Annalisa Meloni; Chapter 10 The US Visa Waiver Program and the Non-inclusion of all EU Member States Against the EU Principles of Solidarity and Reciprocity, Katherine Rozmus; Chapter 11 Reframing the EU Visa Cooperation with Third Countries: Policy Convergence in the Visa Liberalization Process in Eastern Europe, Raül Hernández i Sagrera; Chapter 12 Fundamental Rights and the Extra-territorialization of EU Border Policy: A Contradiction in Terms?, Leonhard den Hertog; Chapter 13 Bordering at the Window: The Allocation of Schengen Visas at the Italian Embassy and Consulate in Morocco, Federica Infantino;

’This collection examines the situation of the EU’s Roma through a novel and insightful perspective. It convincingly challenges current policy and practice that exceptionalise the Roma and deprive them of the right to free movement promised to all EU citizens.’ Nando Sigona, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, UK ’The constitutive and always troubling distinction between human beings in general and citizens of particular political jurisdictions in an international order has itself been disturbed in many places, not least in Europe. No doubt very large structural forces are at play in this respect, but this book examines the at least equally important role of very specific practices and policies at work at the boundaries between national jurisdictions. An initial examination of European Roma seeking refugee status in Canada opens out into a series of sharp insights into the contested meaning of security, the political framing of illegal immigration, new techniques of surveillance, and the effects of different refugee systems and forms of visa reciprocity. The precise details are crucial, and the book will be indispensable for anyone seeking to understand the emerging borders of contemporary politics, not only in Europe.’ R. B. J. Walker, University of Victoria, Canada ’A remarkably driven collection of essays. It starts by documenting the Canada-EU relationship, strained by the imposition of visas on Czech citizens to prevent Romas from accessing Canada. It develops however into an in-depth critical analysis of the whole visa and mobility regime as it is used by governments in the Global North, who seem to believe that their territorial sovereignty gives them the power to implement discriminatory policies with impunity. It is heartening to witness that courts, both domestic and international, have started to distinguish between discretion and arbitrariness and uphold the Rule of Law in favour of migrants.’ Francois Crepeau, UN Special Rappor