Force Majeure in the Hydropower Industry

Presented with the Award of the Senate of the University of Bucharest for the most prestigious book in the field of Life and Earth Sciences, 2022-2023.This book aims to highlight the particular situation faced by certain hydropower companies by the fact that they cannot fulfil their contracts due to force majeure.  The first part of this book will be an analysis of how water is used in electricity production. It is  important to point out that all types of energy sources use water, to a different extent,  of course, and that its spatial and temporal availability is very important. The focus  will be on hydropower, presenting the current situation at the global level, and the effect of reducing the amounts of water in the river system.The second part is based on the presentation of the concept of force majeure and the  ways of presenting and drafting it in a contract. Many disputes or the success of a  contract depended heavily on the provisions of this article of the contract. Obviously,  there are also situations in which the signatory parties abuse or are not protected  by these provisions of force majeure. Starting from a few brief examples from the  international level, we reach a wide discussion of the situation created in Romania,  when the largest supplier of electricity produced on the basis of water terminates  several contracts invoking force majeure. The manner in which the opinion of the  parties involved is presented to the court is analyzed and presented in detail.