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Proto-colonial archaeology explores the physical origins of the world culture that evolved out of contacts made in the Age of Exploration, from Columbus to Cromwell. The early defended sites show how colonizing Europeans first responded to the challenges of new environments and new peoples, and how their choices led to conquest, adaption, or failure. Fortifications, once necessary to protect the colonies, are now essential clues to understand their history. The first comparative study of proto-colonial fortifications, First Forts is a collection of essays written by leading archaeologists in the field. Meeting the needs of archaeologists and historians around the globe, this book will also appeal to military enthusiasts, preservationists, and students of the Age of Exploration.Contributors are David Orr, Kathleen Deagan, Steven Pendery, Eric Klingelhofer, Nicholas Luccketti, Edward Harris, Roger Leech, Paul Huey, Jay Haviser, Oscar Hefting, Christopher DeCorse, Ranjith Jayasena and Pieter Floore.
Eric Klingelhofer, PhD (1985) in History, Johns Hopkins University, is Professor of History at Mercer University. Combining history and archaeology, he has conducted projects in England, Ireland, and the Americas, resulting in more than thirty articles and monographs.
List of Contributors . . viiList of Illustrations . . . ixPreface . . xiiiIntroduction . . . 1The Aurelian Wall in Rome: Renaissance Fortification in Theory and Practice . . 5David G. OrrStrategies of Adjustment: Spanish Defense of The Circum-Caribbean Colonies, 1493–1600 . . . 17Kathleen DeaganA Survey of French Fortifications in The New World, 1530–1650 . . 41Steven R. PenderyTudor Overseas Fortifications: A Review and Typology . . 65Eric KlingelhoferNansemond Fort and Virginia Palisade Fortifications . . . 85Nicholas M. LucckettiBermuda’s First Forts, 1612–1622 . . 105Edward Cecil Harris‘Within Musquett Shott of Black Rock’ – Johnson’s Fort and The Early Defenses of Nevis, West Indies . . 129Roger LeechDutch Colonial Forts in New Netherland . . 141Paul R. HueyThe ‘Old Netherlands Style’ and Seventeenth-Century Dutch Fortifications of The Caribbean . . 169Jay B. HaviserHigh Versus Low: Portuguese and Dutch Fortification Traditions Meet in Colonial Brazil (1500–1654) . . . 191Oscar F. HeftingEarly Colonial Trade Posts and Forts of West Africa . . 213Christopher R. DecorseDutch Forts of Seventeenth Century Ceylon and Mauritius: An Historical Archaeological Perspective . . 239Ranjith Jayasena and Pieter FlooreBibliography . . . 265Index . . 273